Synthesis Of Codon Essay

DNA is the element of making an organism. It contains genetic information that can be applied to all kinds of functions required for living. DNA is a sequence of nucleotides which can be transcript to mRNA. When mRNA is formed, it can later on translate to tRNA where codon could be found. Codon is a set of nucleotide in tRNA which is directly related to the formation of amino acid. The combination of codon determines the characteristic of the amino acid. In other words, to make amino acids, correct genetic code, also known as codons, are required. A codon is made up of three nucleotides which contains genetic information and forms tRNA. A genome is a database where all instructions are saved. Each instruction is made up of codons. Each codon represents an amino acid. Most organisms have a 64-codon template for translation. The structure of DNA is well understood nowadays. However, the application of DNA remains a lot to be discovered. Since scientists have the ability to breakdown molecules into small fragment, the technique of recoding is developed. Recoding is to take out or put in the codon scientist desired. The organism that has codon replaced is called a gnomically recoded organism (GRO). This would give the result of enhancing genomes with functions that are difficult to find in nature which can further on apply to all kinds of fields. From their experiment, once the codons are replaced with synonymous alternatives and its cognate tRNA is eliminate, GRO will not translate any of the codons that were taken out. This is the process of genetic isolation. Codons can be imaged as gears in an assembly line. To produce the accurate product, correct codons are needed. However, scientists are looking for ways to replace some of the gears to similar ones. These similar gears are able to continue the assembling and the product will be produced by the codons remained. Besides enlarging the uncommon function of genome, this technique can prevent improper information from translating. This specific journal talks about the model of 57-codon Escherichia coli genome. Using computational design, synthesis, and progress to assemble, this team of scientists replaced seven codons …show more content…
Also, there are many codons in the whole genome, which is very difficult for scientist to replace all instance of seven codons. The propose of multiple codon replacement can be done by simultaneously edit multiple alleles using MAGE, a machine that process gene modification, or Cas9, an enzyme, both require more steps and other ingredients and equipment. Moreover, there is also high chance to cause mutation. To compensate, the team designed a computational and experimental tools to construct the prototype synthetic organism. The codon they choose to replace are ones that were replaced genome-wide such as: UAG (stop). Codons that can limit the change such as AGG and AGA (Arg) are also selected because the few amount in genome. Furthermore, codons which their anti-codons are not tRNA identity element were also chosen, for instance, AGC, AGU, UUG, and UUA. The last step is to confirm all chosen codons are able to interact with different tRNA than their synonymous codons. The team based the 57-codon genome on the reduced genome E. coli MDS42 as a carrier to lower the cost of the experiment. The team focus on retaining the same pattern of amino acid related to the codons. Then they applied adjustment to the DNA sequence so the function is running