Polyploidy in plants play a major role in evolutionary and genetic studies. Polyploidy is characterized by the presence of multiple sets of genomes in the same organism. It is one of the major causes of speciation; thus, is it plays a major evolutionary role in angiosperm development. Its genome undergoes remarkable changes in function and structure through genetic and epigenetic changes. Epigenetic changes are mediated by RNA and chromatic remodeling and occur vie regulatory pathways. Genetic changes occur through deletion, mutations, loss of DNA sequence, transposition, and translocation. There are several significant effects of polyploidy in plants, such as: dipliodization, speciation, conservation of species, difference in gene composition, variations in gene expression, neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization, and epigenetic changes. Polyploids are diploids in cytogenetic and genetic makeup; paleopolyploids describe the diploid species which where once polyploids.
…show more content…
Examples include maize and rice. Early studies report that approximately 2-4% of the speciation events in angiosperms were caused by polyploidy. Sympatric speciation in plants was believed to be due to polyploidy. Polyploidy was also involved in the speciation of flowering plants and eukaryotes. The presence of gene redundancy in organisms is because of genome duplication and polyploidy. Polyploidization process is believed to be followed by genomic rearrangement or gene slicing which facilitates diploidization. Polyploidy results to neofuncitonalization and subfunctionalization of genes. Neofunctionalization refers to the acquiring of new functions for the existing genes while sunfunctionalization refers to the process of limiting the functions of the gene. DNA methylation pattern changes and Chromosomal rearrangements are occur greatly in plolyploids and this resulted to variations in the process of gene expression and gene regulation. For instance, changes in Brassica have resulted in morphological variations. Studying the adaptive evolution among polyploids reveals significant information on evolutionary history; thus it can contribute to better conservation methodologies. Another importance of polyploidy is its application of crop domestication because polyploids are high in vegetative content. However, propagation would only be achieved through cloning. Studying polyploidy also reveal information on how plant genome manage to overcome the effects of increase in genome dosage. How does biotechnology help plant breeding? Increases in agricultural production are brought about by the increases in land devoted to crop production. With the growth of population and urbanization, cities and industries took more land and the amount of farmable land has decreased. Farmers realized the importance of sustainable agriculture, efficient farming, and management practices. Attaining high yields of crop requires selecting, growing, and developing the most durable crops. Plant breeding methods such as cross breeding have led to the increase in yield potential in crops; however, it takes time to grow a hybrid and exhibit the desirable trait. Advances in genome biology, molecular biology, and bioinformatics have led to the development of tools, products and methods that assure to increase the productivity of plant breeding and farming productivity. Biotechnology serves as a shortcut. Methods such as genetic recombination, and marker aided selection possesses a lot of advantages compared to conventional breeding techniques. Genetic material can be manipulated in order to induce an organism to exhibit the desired phenotype by introducing foreign DNA carrying a desired trait, or by changing the genetic signals within the organism. The gene that corresponds to a given train is the genotype; thus scientists are able to physically introduce desired genotypes into a crop line without mating. Because
Examples include maize and rice. Early studies report that approximately 2-4% of the speciation events in angiosperms were caused by polyploidy. Sympatric speciation in plants was believed to be due to polyploidy. Polyploidy was also involved in the speciation of flowering plants and eukaryotes. The presence of gene redundancy in organisms is because of genome duplication and polyploidy. Polyploidization process is believed to be followed by genomic rearrangement or gene slicing which facilitates diploidization. Polyploidy results to neofuncitonalization and subfunctionalization of genes. Neofunctionalization refers to the acquiring of new functions for the existing genes while sunfunctionalization refers to the process of limiting the functions of the gene. DNA methylation pattern changes and Chromosomal rearrangements are occur greatly in plolyploids and this resulted to variations in the process of gene expression and gene regulation. For instance, changes in Brassica have resulted in morphological variations. Studying the adaptive evolution among polyploids reveals significant information on evolutionary history; thus it can contribute to better conservation methodologies. Another importance of polyploidy is its application of crop domestication because polyploids are high in vegetative content. However, propagation would only be achieved through cloning. Studying polyploidy also reveal information on how plant genome manage to overcome the effects of increase in genome dosage. How does biotechnology help plant breeding? Increases in agricultural production are brought about by the increases in land devoted to crop production. With the growth of population and urbanization, cities and industries took more land and the amount of farmable land has decreased. Farmers realized the importance of sustainable agriculture, efficient farming, and management practices. Attaining high yields of crop requires selecting, growing, and developing the most durable crops. Plant breeding methods such as cross breeding have led to the increase in yield potential in crops; however, it takes time to grow a hybrid and exhibit the desirable trait. Advances in genome biology, molecular biology, and bioinformatics have led to the development of tools, products and methods that assure to increase the productivity of plant breeding and farming productivity. Biotechnology serves as a shortcut. Methods such as genetic recombination, and marker aided selection possesses a lot of advantages compared to conventional breeding techniques. Genetic material can be manipulated in order to induce an organism to exhibit the desired phenotype by introducing foreign DNA carrying a desired trait, or by changing the genetic signals within the organism. The gene that corresponds to a given train is the genotype; thus scientists are able to physically introduce desired genotypes into a crop line without mating. Because