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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the main indications for CT of the chest (mnemonic)?
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CAAAT E
Cancer Aorta eval Airway Ambiguity (CXR ambiguous) trauma (esp. blunt or penetrating) Effusion |
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What sorts of aorta evaluation is CT good for?
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PE, aneurysm, dissection, stenoses, AVM, stent evaluation, CHD
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What sorts of airway evaluation is CT good for?
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infection
air trapping bronchiectasis airway tumor |
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Name the CT characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis.
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"ground glass"
reticular opacities HONEYCOMBING traction bronchiectasis |
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Name the CT signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension
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enlarged pulmonary arteries and outflow tract
rapid tapering of peripheral vessels "pruned tree" pattern |
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What are the main causes of PRECAPILLARY pulmonary hypertension?
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L to R shunt
thromboembolism nonthrombotic embolization chronic hypoxia pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis |
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What are the main causes of POSTCAPILLARY pulmonary hypertension?
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left sided cardiovascular disease (e.g., mitral valve stenosis)
extrinsic pulmonary venous compression fibrosing mediastinitis pulmonary veno-occlusive dz |
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What is the "tree in bud" nodular opacities suggestive of?
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bronchiolitis?
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What are some causes of pneumomediastinum?
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Boerhaave's (esophageal rupture)
High ventilatory pressure-->barotrauma-->alveolar rupture |
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What is the relation between pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum?
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Pneumothorax can RESULT from rupture of mediastinal air into the pleural sternal space, but ptx does not usually CAUSE pneumomediastinum.
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What are 5 patterns of lung infection
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lobar pneumonia
bronchopneumonia infectious nodules cavitary lesions diffuse opacities |
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In lobar pneumonia, the infection largely involves what area?
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alveolus
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Lobar pneumonia spreads to adjacent lung segments through what openings?
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pores of Kohn
canals of Lambert |
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t/f Bronchi are not involved in lobar pneumonia.
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true
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Is there typically volume loss in lobar pneumonia?
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no
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What is the XR/CT sign of lobar pneumonia?
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wedge shaped opacity demarcated by chest wall and fissures
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Bronchopneumonia primarily affects what area of the lung?
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bronchi and adjacent alveoli
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How does bronchpneumonia spread to adjacent lung segments?
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bronchial spread
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What are the XR signs of bronchopneumonia?
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patchy opacities
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infectious nodules: what are some common fungal pathogens?
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Histo
Aspergillus Cryptococcus Coccidioides |
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infectious nodules: what are some common bacterial pathogens?
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Legionella
Nocardia |
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Legionella typically causes what kind of Xray sign?
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infectious nodules
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Nocardia typically causes what kind of Xray sign?
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infectious nodules
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infectious nodules: what is a common pathogen of septic emboli?
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S. aureus
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What are some causes of cavitary lesions (mnemonic)?
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WEIRD HOLES
Wegeners Embolic Infectious Rheumatoid Developmental cysts Histoplasmosis Oncologic Lymphangiomyomatosis Environmental Sarcoidosis |
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What is the usual appearance of primary TB?
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lower lobe consolidation; lobar
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What is the usual appearance of reactivation TB?
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upper lobe cavitary
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What is the usual Xray appearance of PCP?
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hazy/patchy infiltrates, often bilateral
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What are the four forms of aspergillosis?
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noninvasive
invasive allergic chronic necrotizing |
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What is the most common form of aspergillosis?
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noninvasive (from pre-existing cavity)
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What is the early appearance of chronic necrotizing aspergillosis?
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thick walled cavitation in immunocompromised host
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Which type of aspergillosis is rapidly lethal?
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invasive
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What is the "halo sign" suggestive of?
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invasive aspergillosis
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What are the CXR signs of bronchogenic carcinoma?
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spiculated, irregular borders
hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy cavitation post-obstructive atelectasis |
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What are the main types of bronchogenic carcinoma?
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adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma small cell carcinoma large call carcinoma |
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Non-bronchogenic carcinoma consists of what types?
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lymphoma
mets sarcoma (rare) |
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What is the most common type of lung cancer?
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adenocarcinoma (40% of total)
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What is the characteristic appearance of adenocarcinoma of the lung?
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multilobulated, peripheral mass
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What is the charcteristic appearance of squamous cell lung cancer?
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central, hilar mass arising from bronchus
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Which type of lung cancer most frequently cavitates?
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squamous cell
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What is the characteristic appearance of large cell lung cancer?
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large, peripheral mass
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What is the characteristic appearance of lung mets?
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nodular
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What are four characteristics that make a lung tumor unresectable?
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invasion of mediastinum
contralateral lymphadenopathy (hilar, mediastinal) or any supraclavicular LA malignant pleural effusion distant mets |
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What is the most common location of lung cancers missed by radiologists?
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upper lobes, esp RUL
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What are the 4 main anterior mediastinal masses?
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4Ts:
thymoma thyroid teratoma (seminoma, germinoma, etc) terrible lymphoma |
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What are the main posterior mediastinal masses?
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nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma, neurofibroma)
sympathetic ganglia tumors (neuroblastoma, paraganglioma) paraspinal masses (mets) aneurysms can also show up on imaging as a mimic mass |