Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
136 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Broca proposed that we speak with the __ hemisphere of the brain.
|
left
|
|
Wernicke described a type of aphasia (language disorder) caused by impaired __.
|
auditory comprehension
|
|
Phylogenetically, the evolution o the brain is progressively __, reaching its highest level in humans.
|
linear
|
|
The neocortex (six-layered cellular organization) occupies a large percentage of the __, which has a great architectural (cellular aggregates) complexity found only in the human brain.
|
cerebral cortex
|
|
Most important branches of neuroscience (7)
|
1) Neurology
2) Neurosurgery 3) Neuroanatomy 4) Neuroradiology 5) Neuroembryology 6) Neurophysiology 7) Neuropathology |
|
(8) common regulating principles of the human brain
|
1) Interconnectivity in the brain
2) Centrality of the Central Nervous System 3) Hierarchy of neuraxial organization 4) Laterality of brain organization 5) Structural and functional specialization 6) Topographical organization in cortical pathways 7) Plasticity in brain 8) Culturally neutral brain |
|
All functionally specific primary sensory and motor regions in the __ are connected through association and commissural fivers.
|
cerebrum
|
|
The homologous areas of the two hemispheres are connected through the __. This integrated network allows constant interaction within each hemisphere and between the two hemispheres of the brain and explains how messages from multiple sources are rapidly integrated for an appropriate response to given stimuli.
|
interhemispheric commissural fibers
|
|
__ is responsible for integrating all incoming and outgoing information and for generating appropriate responses to the info received.
|
Central Nervous System (CNS)
|
|
(3) most important aspects of brain organization
|
1) Bilateral anatomic symmetry
2) Unilateral functional differences 3) Contralateral sensorimotor control of the nervous system |
|
Both hemispheres are connected through the __, the largest of the commissural fibers.
|
corpus collosum
|
|
Most people's __ hemisphere becomes dominant for language, speech, and analytic processing irrespective of handedness; the __ hemisphere dominates emotions, musical skills, metaphors, and humor.
|
left; right
|
|
All sensory and motor fibers in the nervous system __ (cross) the body's midline.
|
decussate
|
|
The __ motor cortex controls movements in the right half of the body; the sensory information from the left half of the body projects to the __ sensory cortex.
|
left; right
|
|
The cerebral cortex is organized with a __.
|
somatosensory homunculus
|
|
__ refers to the brain's ability to reorganize and modify tissue functions and adapt to internal and external changes.
|
Plasticity
|
|
Functional plasticity and adaptability are greatest __(when) and gradually diminish __(when).
|
in the early years; diminish with age
|
|
The period when an experience is most effective in influencing the brain's potential
|
Critical period
|
|
Locations toward the nose
|
rostral
|
|
Refers to locations toward the tail
|
caudal
|
|
Refers to locations toward the back
|
dorsal
|
|
Refers to locations toward the abdomen
|
ventral
|
|
For the forebrain above the cephalic flexure (bend), __ refers to locations toward the nose and __ refers to locations toward the back of the brain, whereas __ refers to the top of the brain and __ refers to the lower brain toward the jaw.
|
rostral; caudal; dorsal; ventral
|
|
For the spinal cord and brainstem, __ refers to locations toward the brain, __ refers to the coccygeal end of the spinal cord, __ refers to locations toward the back of the body, and __ refers to locations toward the abdomen.
|
rostral; caudal; dorsal; ventral
|
|
The PNS has two types of information-carrying fibers: __ and __.
|
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
|
|
__ fibers carry sensory information from the body to the CNS.
|
Afferent
|
|
__ fibers carry motor impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the periphery of the body to contract muscles and activate gland secretion.
|
Efferent
|
|
__ refers to the crossing of incoming or outgoing fibers at the midline.
|
Decussation
|
|
__ refers to structures relatively close to a specific anatomic site of reference.
|
Proximal
|
|
__ identifies the position of structures farther from the same anatomic site of reference.
|
Distal
|
|
__ is a vertical cut that passes longitudinally and divides the brain into left and right portions.
|
Sagittal plane
|
|
A sagittal section at the center separates the brain into two equal halves and is called the __ cut.
|
midsagittal
|
|
A __, a vertical section made perpendicular to the sagittal section, divides the brain into front and back parts.
|
coronal plane
|
|
A __, a cut perpendicular to both coronal and sagittal planes, divides the brain into upper and lower parts.
|
horizontal plane
|
|
A __ is a crosscut at a right angle to the longitudinal axis on a bend. Because of the curvature of the brainstem, this plane is diagonal to the horizontal (cross) plane.
|
traverse plane
|
|
__ refers to structures away from the midsagittal plane.
|
Lateral
|
|
__ refers to a plane approaching the midsagittal plane.
|
Medial
|
|
__ refers to the bending movement of a limb.
|
Flexion
|
|
__ refers to the straightening movement of a limb.
|
Extension
|
|
__ denotes a movement in which a limb is moved away from the central axis of the body.
|
Abduction
|
|
__ denotes a movement that brings a limb toward the central axis of the body.
|
Adduction
|
|
__ is the movement that turns the palm downward (or sleeping on the belly).
|
Pronation
|
|
__ is the action that turns the palm upward (lying on the back).
|
Supination
|
|
__ muscles consist of striated fibers and are under volitional control.
|
Skeletal
|
|
__ muscles, although containing striated fibers, are not under voluntary control. They are controlled by the cardiovascular reflexes of the __.
|
Cardiac; autonomic nervous system
|
|
__ muscles consist of nonstriated fibers and are considered involuntary. They are found in the internal organs of the digestive system, respiratory passages, urinary and genital tracts, urinary bladder, and walls of blood vessels.
|
Smooth
|
|
__ refers to the paralysis of either an upper or a lower limb.
|
Monoplegia
|
|
__ refers to the paralysis of both the upper and the lower limbs on one side.
|
Hemiplegia
|
|
__ refers to the paralysis of three limbs (both extremities on one side and one on the other side).
|
Triplegia
|
|
__ refers to a paralysis pattern involving all four limbs.
|
Quadriplegia
|
|
__ refers to the paralysis of both lower limbs.
|
Paraplegia
|
|
The crest of every fold in the brain is called a __.
|
gyrus (pl. gyri) or convolution
|
|
The groove or valley separating adjacent gyri is called the __.
|
sulcus (pl. sulci) or fissure (in case of greater depth)
|
|
__ refers to the margins of the cerebral convolutions serving as a cover. For example, the margins of the __ of three lobes cover the insular cortex.
|
Opercular; operculum
|
|
A __ is a band of fibers connecting part of the brain or spinal cord on one side with the same structures on the opposite side of the midline.
|
commissure
|
|
__ are a series of mesodermal tissue blocks found on each side of the neural tube during the embryonic period.
|
Somites
|
|
__ include most axial skeletal and associated muscles that are derived from the somite.
|
Somatic structures
|
|
__ refers to the internal organs containing nonstriated muscles, such as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital organs; smooth glands; spleen; heart; and great vessels.
|
Viscera
|
|
The prefix __ denotes "between" and describes a structure common to both hemispheres.
|
inter-
|
|
A fiber bundle that connects the two hemispheres is called an __.
|
interhemispheric pathway
|
|
The prefix __ denotes "within."
|
intra-
|
|
An __ is one that is located within the substance of that hemisphere.
|
intrahemispheric structure
|
|
Fibers connecting two areas within the same hemisphere make up an __.
|
intrahemispheric pathway
|
|
The prefix __ denotes "same"
|
ipsi-
|
|
__ is used to describe lesions on one side of the brain that affects the same side of the body.
|
Ipsilateral
|
|
__ denotes "opposite"
|
contra-
|
|
__ is used to describe involvement of the body on the side opposite a brain lesion.
|
contralateral
|
|
The prefix __ indicates "before"
|
pre-
|
|
__ is used to discuss the area on the proximal side of a synaptic cleft, the contact point between two cells.
|
presynaptic
|
|
__ denotes the area distal to a synaptic cleft involving the second neuron.
|
postsynaptic
|
|
__ symptoms resolve completely.
|
Transient
|
|
__ symptoms do not resolve completely.
|
Persistent
|
|
Persistent symptoms that reach a maximum level of severity and do not change are called __.
|
static or stationary
|
|
Persistent symptoms that reach a maximum severity and then begin to resolve are called __.
|
improving
|
|
Persistent symptoms that continue to worsen are called __.
|
progressive
|
|
__ symptoms evolve over minutes to hours.
|
acute
|
|
__ symptoms develop over days to weeks and fall between the acute and the chronic classifications.
|
subacute
|
|
__ symptoms generally indicate the course of a disease of moderate severity. They develop over months to years.
|
chronic
|
|
The brain consists of 10-15 billion nerve cells (__, grossly identified as __) and their processes (axons, grossly identified as __ and __)
|
neurons; gray matter; white matter; dendrites
|
|
__ refers to the gross appearance of the brain, which consists of nerve cells, supporting glia cells, and many unmyelinated fibers.
|
gray matter
|
|
In gray matter, cells appear gray in the absence of __.
|
myelin
|
|
__ is made of nerve fivers that form tracts and carry information from one brain side to another.
|
white matter
|
|
White matter is white because of the __ substance surrounding many of the axons.
|
myelin lipid (fatlike)
|
|
The __ is the basic building block in the brain, and it is responsible for generating, receiving, transmitting, and synthesizing electrical impulses as well as influencing other neurons or effector tissue.
|
neuron
|
|
__ protect and support the nerve cells.
|
Glial cells
|
|
A typical neuron is bounded by a continuous plasma membrane and consists of (3)
|
cell body, dendrites, axon
|
|
The __, also called soma (pl. somata) or perikaryon (pl. perikarya), contains the cytoplasm with important organelles, such as the mitochondria, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi complex, needed for cellular metabolism.
|
cell body
|
|
Contained in the cytoplasm is a __, which contains ladder-like micromolecules of __ with the genetic blueprint and is responsible for vital cellular activities.
|
nucleus; DNA
|
|
__, highly specialized processes that look like trees, receive neural signals from other neurons through contacts (synapses).
|
Dendrites
|
|
The __, arising from the cell body at an elevation called an __, transmits neural messages to other neurons through its synapses (contacts).
|
axon; axon hillock
|
|
__ are the end portions of the axon and contain many vesicles that release neurotransmitters between the end of the axon and the surface of the next nerve cell. This narrow space is called the __.
|
synaptic terminals (terminal boutons, knobs, or buttons); synaptic cleft
|
|
Once a __ is adequately stimulated, a neural impulse travels along the __ and the __ release the neurotransmitters in the __ to activate the receptor site of the next nerve cell.
|
neuron; axon; terminal boutons (knobs); synaptic cleft
|
|
The __ includes the boutons, synaptic cleft, and receptor site of the next nerve cell.
|
synapse
|
|
A neuron that ends at the synapse is a __.
|
presynaptic nerve cell
|
|
A neuron that receives an impulse from a presynaptic neuron is a __.
|
postsynaptic neuron
|
|
Impulse movement in the axon can be __, by which an impulse travels from the cell body to the axonal terminal.
|
anterograde
|
|
Impulse movement in the axon can be __, by which the flow is from the axonal terminals to the cell body.
|
retrograde
|
|
__ ce;s are responsible for generating the nerve impulses that underlie all sensorimotor and higher mental functions. Serving as supporting structures, __ cells ensure the survival of the primary cells by providing structural and metabolic support.
|
primary; glia
|
|
The nerve impulses trigger secretion of __, which are synthesized either in the cell bodies or in the synaptic terminals.
|
neurotransmitters
|
|
A well-defined collection of nerve cells in the CNS is called a __ or cell column; a similar collection of nerve cells in the PNS is called a __.
|
nucleus; ganglion
|
|
A motor ganglion of the __ contains cell bodies of fibers that supply the smooth muscles and glands.
|
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
|
|
Nerve fibers transmit __.
|
information
|
|
A collection of nerve fibers that share a common origin is called a __ in the CNS.
|
tract or fasciculus
|
|
Another name for a bundle of connecting pathways is __, which is specifically used for the pathway connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.
|
brachium
|
|
__ is used to denote a band of fibers that may differ in color and/or texture.
|
Stria
|
|
__ refers to a small prominence of nervous system tissue.
|
Colliculus
|
|
A bundle of fibers in the PNS is called a __.
|
nerve or nerve trunk
|
|
__ refers to the central part of the body and is made up of the head and trunk.
|
Axial
|
|
__ relates to the limbs, which are attached to the axial structures.
|
Appendicular
|
|
The human nervous system is divided into (2).
|
CNS and PNS
|
|
The CNS consists of (2)
|
the brain and the spinal cord
|
|
The brain consists of (3) major structures:
|
cerebrum; branstem (midbrain, pons, and medulla); and cerebellum
|
|
The cerebrum consists of two hemispheres separated by the interhemispheric fissure; each hemisphere contains __
|
the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)
|
|
The basic three-layered pattern of the cerebrum is called the __ (hippocampus, amygdala, and septum). The more complex three- to six-layered pattern is found in the highly evolved __ (parahippocampal cortex and olfactory bulb), and the highly evolved six-layered cortex is found in the __ (most of the dorsal and lateral cerebral cortex).
|
archicortex; mesocortex; neocortex
|
|
The __ are the masses of gray matter in the depth of each cerebral hemisphere. It serves as an auxiliary motor system and plays an important role in the regulation of motor activities by modifying the information received from the motor cortex and returning it to the motor cortex. They are also known to regulate symbolic functions.
|
basal ganglia
|
|
The __ is a collection of subcortical nuclei; which are an essential part of the thalamus-cerebral cortex-thalamic circuit, the basic functional circuitry of the forebrain.
|
thalamus
|
|
The __ is the central site of the neuroendocrine production and the central structure for the control of various metabolic activities, such as water balance, sugar and fat metabolism, and body temperature.
|
hypothalamus
|
|
The __ is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
|
brainstem
|
|
Besides linking the brainstem with the brain, the __ controls eye movements, pupil size, and auditory reflexes.
|
midbrain
|
|
The __ contains a center responsible for controlling the rhythm of respiration and also regulates facial movements and sensation.
|
pons
|
|
The __ controls respiratory activity, heart rate, and blood pressure.
|
medulla
|
|
In addition to serving specialized functions and controlling cranial nerves, the midbrain, pons, and medulla contain common sensorimotor fibers and the __, which regulates cortical arousal and attention.
|
reticular formation
|
|
The __ is dorsal to the brainstem and is attached to it but is not part of it. It is important in the regulation of skilled movements.
|
cerebellum
|
|
The __ serves as the reflex-controlling center and contains fibers that run to and from the brain, connecting the brain with peripheral structures.
|
spinal cord
|
|
The PNS is formed by nerves that connect the __ and __ with the peripheral structures. These include both sensory and motor nerves.
|
brain and spinal cord
|
|
The human nervous system processes information using (2) types of cells
|
general and special
|
|
__ information originates from the surface of the body and is processed by general receptors. __ information is mediated by the receptors to specialized cells in the nervous system.
|
general; special
|
|
Pain and temperature are examples of __.
|
general information
|
|
Vision and audition are examples of __.
|
special information
|
|
__ refers to striated skeletal muscles that are embryologically derived from somites.
|
somatic
|
|
__ nonstriated muscles are concerned with vegetative tasks and relate to the internal vital body organs involved in the respiratory, vascular, and digestive systems.
|
visceral
|
|
General and special information is divided into somatic and visceral subtypes, both of which include efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) fibers. The only exception to this classification is the lack of a __.
|
special somatic efferent system
|
|
The cerebral neocortex consists of six cellular layers (laminae), which are classified by their neuronal density and architecture as seen under light microscopy
|
molecular layer
external granular external pyramidal internal granular internal pyramidal multiform |
|
Various __ of the cellular architecture of the cortex have been constructed. The most frequently used in neurologic literature is Brodmann.
|
cytoarchitectural maps
|
|
Tertiary areas of the temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortex are called __ of the brain. They are concerned mostly with processing of cross-modality input from other cortical areas and integrating and elaborating complex functions.
|
association areas
|
|
__ refers to the fiber bundles connecting the cerebellum to the brainstem.
|
peduncle
|