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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phycology |
Study of Algae |
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Mycology |
Study of fungi (includes molds and yeasts) |
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Virology |
Study of viruses, viroids, and prions |
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Epidemiology |
Study of how diseases spread |
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Spanish Flu |
1918-1919 Worldwide Killed 50 mill |
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Small Pox |
Eradicated in 1977 Brought to New World by Spanish, Aztecs particularly susceptible Category A Biological Warfare agent Easily spread: contact or aerosol Killed 10 mill |
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The Black Plague |
1346-1350 Antibiotics control this now Rats on lines to ship docks caused this Killed 25 mill |
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Antigenic Drift |
Variation in viruses from mutations in the genes that code for antibody-binding sites |
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Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (HVF) Viruses |
BSL-4 - Hantavirus in 1993 - Ebola, 67% mortality rate |
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Bioremediation examples |
Degrade oil in spills Degrade polychlorinated biphenyls in pesticides Degrade trichloroethylene in dry cleaners Reduce Uranium to less soluble version |
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Invariant vs Variant Structures |
Cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, RNA
Cell wall, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
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Life History of Earth |
4.6 bya - Earth forms 3.8 bya - Life begins 3 bya - oxygenation begins 2 bya - eukaryotes 800-500 mya - current oxygen levels 500 mya - plants/animals |
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LUCA |
Last Universal Common Ancestor |
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Hooke |
Robert Hooke Observed molds 1664 |
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Leeuwenhoek |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek Observed first bacteria 1684 |
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Jenner |
Small Pox Vaccine(Human cow pox pustules) 1798 |
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Lister |
Antisepsis in surgery 1867 |
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Pasteur |
Spontaneous Generation 1864 |
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Koch |
Grew pure anthrax Koch's postulates 1881 |
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Leeuwenhoek's Microscope's Power vs Today's Microscope Power |
300x magnification, 0.8um resolution
1000x magnification, 0.2um resolution
Typical coccus: 0.75um
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Resolving power equation |
R = W/(2 x NA)
R=resolving power W=wavelength NA=numrical aperture |
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Growth of MicroBio over years |
1687 -Discovery, Medical applications, Gen MicroBio 1800 -Molecular Bio, Gen MicroBio 1986 -Molecular MicroBio |
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Serological Properties |
Immunilogical properties, those involving antibodies |
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E.Coli vs Humans (Number of Base Pairs, Genes, and Gene Density) |
Humans have more base pairs and genes but a lower gene density |
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Distinguishing characteristics of Viruses, Viroids, Prions |
Viruses: DNA or RNA, protein coat Viroids: RNA, no coat Prions: Protein, no coat |
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Ester vs Ether |
Ester: COCO Ether: COC |
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Bonds Strengths |
(Strongest-->Weakest) Covalent Ionic Van der Waals - H-bonds - Dipole-dipole - London Dispersion |
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Number of bonds between Bases |
C/G: 3 bonds A/T: 2 bonds |
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Alpha/Beta Glycosidic bonds |
Alpha - pointing down Beta - pointing up |
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Lipids in Bacteria vs Eukaryotes vs Archaea |
Bacteria/Eukaryotes: mostly fatty acids Archaea: include Phytane |
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Nucleotide |
Sugar, Base, and Phosphate |
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Nucleoside |
Sugar and Base |
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ATP |
is a nucleoside!! (A nucleoside triphosphate) |
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Pyrimidines |
Single ring, C,U,T |
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Purines |
Double ring, A,G |
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Backbone of DNA or RNA is formed by removing water between ___ and ___ . |
3' OH and 5' phosphate |
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Linkage in DNA or RNA |
3'5' phosphodiester linkage |
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DNA synthesized in __ direction |
5' to 3' |
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Polymerase |
catalyzes polymerization |
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Sugars are usually __ (L or D) . |
D |
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Amino acids are usually __ (L or D) |
L |
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Racemase |
converts L to D or vice versa |
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Two Types (functions) of Proteins |
Enzymes, Structural |
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Secondary Structure of Proteins |
Formed by H bonding between -NH and -C=O Alpha Helix or Beta Sheet |
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Alpha Helix |
Proline breaks this structure Side-chains face outward Many chains adopt this form |
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Beta Sheets |
Polypeptide folds back on itself Makes zigzag, antiparallel sheets |
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Tertiary Structure of Proteins |
Van der Waals, Ionic, Hydrophobic (strongest factor here), H-bonds, sometimes Covalent (disulfide bridge)
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More nonpolar side groups on protein means __ (more/less) stable protein. |
More stable |
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(2,3,4) Structures of Insulin |
Sec: Alpha-helix Tert: weak, no disulfide bridges Quat: weak, two disulfide bridges |
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Denaturation destroys ____ (Primary/Secondary/Tertiary/Quaternary) structures. |
Secondary and Tertiary (and sometimes Quaternary) |