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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of anaerobic respiration
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fermentation
respiration |
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In Anaerobic respiration
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an inorganic molecule is the final electron acceptor
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Examples of Inorganic electron acceptors
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nitrate: becomes nitrite
sulfate: becomes Hydrogen Sulfide |
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ATP yield is lower in anaerobic respiration because
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only part of the Kreb's Cycle runs under anaerobic conditions
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Fermentation
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1) does not require Oxygen
2) used organic molecules as the final electron acceptor 3) does not use Kreb's Cycle or Electron Transport Chain 4) Diversity of End Products |
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Fermentation only uses
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Glycolysis for ATP production
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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a catobolic process beginning with glycolysis that produces lactic acid to reoxidize NADH
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2 Lactic Acid Genre Bacteria
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Streptococcus
Lactobacillus |
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Products of Glycolysis
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2 ATP
2 NADH |
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Chemiosmosis
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is an electron transport chain
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NADH
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example of high energy electron carrier
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High electron energy carriers
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bring electrons to the transport chain.
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In fermentation, pyruvate
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takes extra electrons and is reduced to lactate
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alcohol fermentation
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catabolic process, beginning with glycolysis that produces ethyl alcohol to reoxidize NADH
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What is NADH used for in Fermentation?
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To reduce pyruvic acid to either lactic acid or alcohol.
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Glycolysis occurs where in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
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cytoplasm
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Preparatory Step occurs where?
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in Eukaryotes: mitochondria
in Prokaryotes: Cytosol |
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Where does the Kreb's Cycle occur?
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in Eukaryotes: matrix of mitochondria
in Prokaryotes: Cytosol |
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Where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
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in Eukaryotes: inner mitochondrial membrane
in Prokaryotes: plasma membrane |
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ATP Yield and NADH in Glycolysis for one glucose molecule
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8 ATP
2 NADH |
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ATP Yield and NADH in Preparatory Step for one glucose molecule
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6 ATP
2 NADH |
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ATP Yield, FADH2 and NADH in Hreb's Cyclefor one glucose molecule
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24 ATP
6 NADH 2 FADH2 |
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ATP Yield from Glycolysis by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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2 ATP
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ATP Yield from Glycolysis by Oxidative Level Phosphorylation
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from NADH: 6 ATP
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ATP Yield from Intermediate Step by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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0 ATP
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ATP Yield from Intermediate Step by Oxidative Level Phosphorylation
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From NADH: 6 ATP
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ATP Yield from Kreb's Cycle by Substrate Level Phosphorylation
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from NADH: 18 ATP
from FADH: 4 ATP |
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Total ATP in Prokaryotic Cells
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38 ATP
4 by Substrate Level Phosphorylation 30 from NADH in oxidative phosphorylation 4 from FADH in oxidative phosphorylation |
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Amylases are used for the digestion of
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starch AKA Amylose
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Cellulase for digestion of
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cellulose
polysaccharide found in cell walls of plants |
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Enzyme Cellulase is found only in
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bacteria and fungi
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biochemical test
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used to identify bacteria and yeasts since they produce different enzymes
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phototroph
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organism that uses light as its energy source
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Chemotroph
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organism that uses oxidation-reduction reactions as its primary source of energy
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Autotrophs
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organism that uses carbon dioxide as its principle carbon source
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heterotrophs
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organism that requires an organic carbon source
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chemoheterotoph
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orgamism that uses organic molecules as a source of carbon and energgy
most medically important bacteria |
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definition of respiration
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carrier molecules with an inorganic molecule as it's final electron acceptor
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Physical requirements for microbial growth
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temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
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Chemical requirements for microbial growth
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carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, trace elements and organic growth factors
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Psychrotrophs
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organism that is capable of growing between 0 and 30 degrees celsius
AKA spoilage microorganisms |
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mesophiles
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organism capable of growing from 25-40 degrees celsius, most common type of microbe
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thermophiles
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microorganisms capable of growing at high temps
used in Polymerase Chain Reactions |
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optimum growth temperature
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temp at which the species grows best
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minimum growth temperature
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lowest temp at which the species will grow
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maximum growth temperature
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highest temperature at which growth is possible for a species
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microbial growth increases
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cell number not cell size
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most bacteria grow best in what pH range and are called______
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6.5-7.5
neutrophiles medically important |
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Acidophiles
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tolerant of acidity or thrive in it, pH range is 1-5
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Molds and yeast grow best at what pH
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5-6
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hypertonic environments (increased salt or sugar) causes
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plasmolysis
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plasmolysis
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loss of water from a cell in a hypertonic environment
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obligate halophiles
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organism that requires high osmotic pressure such as high concentrations of NaCl
Love hypertonic solutions |
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faculative halophiles
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can but does not have to live in a salty environment. ie : S. Aureus
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most important requirement for microbial growth besides water is
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carbon
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Other elements needed for microbial growth
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nitrogen: needed for DNA/RNA synthesis, makes of 14% of the dry weight
phosphorus: synthesis of nucleic acids, phospholipids of cell membranes sulfur: synthesize some amino acids and vitamins |
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obligate Aerobes
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organism that requires molecular 02 to live
example: Psuedomonas ceruginosa growth occurs where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium |
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faculative Anaerobes
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can grow both with and without oxygen, grows best with it
example: E. COli, S. Aureus growth is best where the most oxygen is present, but there is growth throughout the tube |
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Obligate Anaerobes
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does not use oxygen and is killed by the presence of it
example: Clostridium growth only occurs where there is no oxygen |
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Aerotolerant Anaerobes
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does not use molecular oxygen but is not affected by its presence
growth occurs evenly |
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Microaerophiles
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grows best in an environment with less oxygen than is normally found in air
example: H. pylori |
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toxic forms of oxygen
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have free electrons and are extremely interactive
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superoxide radicals
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toxic anion O2 with an unpaired electron
found in small amounts during normal respiration |
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superoxide dismutase (SOD)
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an enzyme that destroys superoxide, convertinh it into peroxide and oxygen
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hydrogen peroxide anion
H2O2 is also |
toxic and must be broken up |
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catalase
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enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide
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peroxidase
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enzyme that destroys hydrogen peroxide
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free radical
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singe electron
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quorum sensing
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cell to cell chemical communication
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biofilms
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microbial communities that form slime or hydrogels and share nutrients
cause most nosocomial infections |
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nosocomial infection
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hospital acquired infection
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skin acts as
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a protective barrier keeping out water and bacteria
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how does bacteria enter through the skin?
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abrasions and @ hair follicle
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sebum has amino acids and lipids in it enabling the bacteria
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to use it for food
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major bacteria on the skin
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Staph
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30% of the population are carriers for
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S. Aureus
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epidermis
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thin outer portion of skin composed of layers of epithelial cells
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keratin
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protein found in epidermis, hair and nails, makes it hard, composed of dead cells
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dermis
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inner relatively thick portion of the skin composed mainly of connective tissue
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sebum
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secreted by sebaceous gland (oil gland) and can be used as food for microorganisms
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mucous membrane
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line body cavities that are "open" to the outside
ie: GI Tract, respiratory tract, urinary and genital tracts some of the cells secrete mucous |
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surface area of mucous membrane
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400 meters squared
they are often folded to maximize surface area surface area is much more than that of skin |
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normal microbiota of the skin
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1) prevent colonization by pathogens
2) contain generally large numbers of gram positive bacteria, salt tolerant 3) Some fungi |
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examples of gram positive bacteria
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staphylococci
micrococci diptheroids |
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diptheroids
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pleomorphic rods that inhabit hair follicles
non-motile |
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examples of diptheroids
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Corynebacterium xerosis
Propionibacterium acnes |
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Corynebacterium xerosis
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aerobes on the skin surface
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Propionibacterium acnes
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anaerobic and found in hair follicles
associated with acne and odor |
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Staphylococci, Micrococci and Fungi
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1) universally present
2) salt tolerant 3) prevents colonization of pathogens |
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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tiny yeasts universally present
mostly harmless but can cause dandruff |