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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cultural Evolution
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-A model for the development of society that delineates a sequence of cultural change over time.
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Unilineal Evolution
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-early theoretical school that postulated that all cultures proceeded through a series of successive stages.
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Nonevolutionary Model
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-a model of cultural evolution based on types of technology and food-procurement strategies, and the sociocultural adaptations that resulted from them.
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Multilinear Evolution
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-an evolutionary model of culture emphasizing different development patterns for societies in different habitats.
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Oldowan Tools
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-A very early African tool-making tradition associated with the first members of Homo.
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Acheulean Hand Axes
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-part of an African and European tool tradition associated with Homo erectus and Homo ergaster. The tradition also includes cleavers and some flake tools.
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Ecological Model
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-a model lthat views a culture as part of a larger global ecological system with each aspect of the system interacting with all of the other parts.
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Cultural Ecology
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-the study of the processes by which a society adapts to its enviroment.
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Optimal-Foraging Model
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-a model that aims at understanding how foragers optimize the gathering of food.
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Evolutionary-Ecological Model
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-a paradigm of human culture that combines both the nonevolutionary and ecological perspectives.
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Technology
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-The knowledge, tools, and skills used by humans to manipulate their environments.
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Traditions
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-Cultural choices consistently made by a society and practiced generation to generation.
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Foraging
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-a food-procurement strategy that involves collecting wild plant and animal foods.
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Carrying Capacity
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-The maximum population that a habitat can sustain.
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Bands
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-a type of society common in foraging groups and marked by egalitarian social structure and lack of specialization.
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Family Band
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-a type of band organization consisting of nuclear family units that move independently with an area. Joins other when resources are plentiful; travels alone at other times.
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Patrilocal Band
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-a type of band consisting of related males and their wives and children who stay together and forage as a group.
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Reciprocity
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-a form of exchange that involves the mutual giving and receiving of food and other items b/w people who are socially equal.
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Generalized Reciprocity
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-institutionalized gift giving and exchange b/w close kin; accounts are not kept, and there is no expectation of immediate return.
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Balanced Reciprocity
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-Exchange and gift giving with the expectation of a return of equal value w/in a reasonable period of time.
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Negative Reciprocity
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-an economic exchange aimed at receiving more than is given.
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Egalitarian
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-refers to members of a society having equal access to status, power, and wealth w/in the same category, such as age or gender.
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Low Energy Budget
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-The expenditure of minimum energy of acquire the basic needs for survival.
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Division Of Labor
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-The manner of dividing work based on criteria such as age or gender.
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