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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
which mother probably faces the highest pregnancy risk? |
Adolescent, nonwhite, lower socioeconomic family
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what are the components of weight gain in pregnancy?
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Breast tissue
Amniotic fluid Blood volume |
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A major advantage of breastfeeding for the infant is
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passive immunity.
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Which nutrients may pregnant vegan not get
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Calcium, iron, zinc, and vitamin B-12
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to avoid constipation, pregnant woman should eat more
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whole-grains and fruits.
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an infant born after normal gestational weight but weighing less than 5 pounds is
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low birth weight and small for gestational age.
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from the time of contraception, until about 2 weeks gestation, the fertilized ovum is called
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a zygote
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how much weight should a pregnant woman gain during pregnancy
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25-35 pounds
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pregnancy can precipitate a form of
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diabetes
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the placenta is the site of what transfer from the mother to the fetus
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oxygen and nutrient
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during the last two trimesters of pregnancy the pregnant woman needs to increase her calories by how much per day
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400 kcals
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the pregnant woman with normal fat stores from pregnancy needs to increase her calories by how much per day
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500 kcals
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advantages of breastfeeding over infant formula
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Reduced risk of food allergies and intolerances
Presence of Lactobacillus bifidus factor Provides antibodies |
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hormone responsible for the let-down reflex in breastfeeding
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oxytocin.
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colostrum
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is a source of antibodies and is secreted from the breast for the first few days after birth.
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it is often recommended that breastfeeding women should supplement which nutrients?
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Vitamin D and iron
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what has been shown to reduce the risk of birth defects
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Folic acid
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maternal practice that can be harmful to the fetus
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a low-carbohydrate diet.
fasting. smoking. |
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to produce a healthy infant the mother should have a healthy diet...when?
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beginning about 8 weeks before conception occurs and continuing through the period of lactation.
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factors likely to pose a risk for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy and childbirth
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Underweight mother
Maternal age 15 years or under Many closely spaced pregnancies |
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practice of eating dirt, clay, or laundry starch is called
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pica.
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Advantages and benefits or breastfeeding to the mother
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greater convenience.
a more rapid loss of the fat tissue that may have accumulated in her body during pregnancy. reduced risk of developing certain forms of cancer. |
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during ___ trimester the organs show the greatest development making this the most critical time in the pregnancy
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1st
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risk for delivering a preterm or small-for-gestational age infant increases with mothers
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smoking.
alcohol consumption. illegal or improper drug use. |
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desirable goal for a successful pregnancy
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Gestational period longer than 37 weeks and birth weight greater than 2500 grams
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infants weighing less than what are expected to have more health problems
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5.5 lbs. / 2500 grams
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the most critical time for development in utero is during the last 13 weeks- true or false?
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false
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nutritional factors and the length of gestation are more important than genetic factors in determining the birth weight
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true
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do pregnant woman know instinctively what to eat
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no
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mineral needs increase during pregnancy- t/f
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true
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breastfed infants suffer fewer infections than formula fed infants - t/f
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true
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mothers who must take medications should check with doctor before beginning to breastfed - t/f
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true
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most miscarriages occur during the 1st trimester - t/f
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true
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all woman of childbearing age should consume how much folic acid everyday
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400 micrograms
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fetal alcohol syndrome is preventable
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true
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breastfeeding should always be recommended -t/f
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false
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women who gain excess weight during the first two trimesters should try and not gain anymore -t/f
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false
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primary cause of hunger worldwide is
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poverty
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what program has shown to be cost effective in reducing the number of preterm/low-birth-weight babies
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The WIC Program
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life expectancy in many developing countries is what as those in the US
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½
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low birth weight might be a result of
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maternal undernutrition.
teenage pregnancy. cigarette smoking. |
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war contributes to undernutrition
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Destroying vital infrastructure, such as those that supply safe and adequate water.
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the most promising potential of biotechnology in the developing world
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improvement of the nutritional qualities of foods.
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what deficiency is the cause of blindness worldwide
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vitamin A
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compared with other industrialized states, the US has one of the lowest infant mortality rates - t/f
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false
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wherever they live, the key factor for the health of people is a safe water supply -t/f
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true
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hunger remains a problem in North America because of insufficient funds and food to serve to a growing population - t/f
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false
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food insecurity
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is a condition of anxiety regarding running out of food or money to buy food.
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consequence of undernutrition can be seen by
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increase in infant mortality.
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undernutrition can be seen in North America through
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children who weigh several pounds less than the low end of normal on a growth chart.
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long-range solutions to decrease reliance in public assistance includes
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job training.
affordable child care. decreasing teenage pregnancy. All of these choices are correct. |
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green revolution
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has boosted agricultural production through use of selective plant breeding practices, irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides.
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nutrient closely tied to immune function
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vitamin A.
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greatest factors leading to under nutrition in N. America
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homelessness and poverty.
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economic growth that reduces poverty, protects the environment, and preserves natural capital is
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sustainable development.
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besides lack of food, what other factors lead to under nutrition worldwide
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lack of sanitation and potable water that increases the risk for infections.
inadequate housing. insect and rodent infestation. |
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iron deficiency in infancy and childhood may lead to
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anemia.
reduced stamina. learning difficulties. |
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approx. how many people suffer from micronutrient deficiency
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2 billion
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undernutrition is the most common form of malnutrition -t/f
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true
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delivery of food supplies to hungry people in developing nations remains a large problem
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True
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An infant should triple his or her birth weight by about ______ of age.
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12 months
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A good rule of thumb for feeding preschool children is _______ of each food served (e.g. meats, fruits, and vegetables) for each year of age.
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1 tablespoon
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It is unwise to leave a bottle in the infant’s mouth after he or she falls asleep because
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this practice may cause tooth decay
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If a 1-year-old child wants to spoon-feed himself clumsily, the parent should
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let the child try
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Symptoms of the classic allergy response include all the following except
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vomiting.
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Most obese infants become obese adults
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False
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Cow’s milk fed during early infancy can increase risk for allergies later in life
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True
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The two most common nutritional problems in childhood are obesity and iron-deficiency anemia.
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true
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The first solid food(s) usually added to the infant’s diet is (are)
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iron-fortified cereals
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Inclusion of fat in an infant’s diet
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helps to meet his or her high energy needs
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During late childhood and the teenage years, nutrient needs are increased for
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calcium and phosphorus
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The nutrients most often deficient in the diets of North American teenagers are
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calcium and iron
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Obese children should strive to
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maintain their weight and “grow into it”.
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Health authorities recommend that solid food should not be given to the infant until what age?
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4 to 6 months
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When children are about 1 year of age, their appetite decreases. This is primarily caused by
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decrease in growth rate
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Protein allowances for infants are about ______ per kilogram of body weight per day
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2 grams
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A food allergen can be identified by
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a trial of food elimination and a later challenge feeding of the suspected food.
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Which of the following factors is NOT a predictor of child and adolescent obesity?
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Number of siblings
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It is recommended that honey not be part of an infant’s diet because it
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is linked to infant botulism
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The WIC program is primarily for
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pregnant and breastfeeding women, and children up to 5 years of age.
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The major problem with fast foods for adolescents is that these are
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often high in fat and calorie content and often low in calcium and fiber
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The food needs of children are so great in proportion to the size of their digestive tracts that it becomes important to
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serve snacks in addition to meals
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During the first year of life, the infant increases in length by _____ over what it was at birth.
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50%
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The food intake of preschoolers is often highly variable because
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rates of growth vary
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Failure to thrive can be caused by
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parental inattention to an infant’s needs.
chronic diarrhea. heart problems |
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Common food allergens include all of the following except:
rice. walnuts. tuna. cow’s milk. |
rice
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A child who has been undernourished for most of its life can still reach maximum height if fed properly.
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False
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An infant’s length increases by 50% in the first year.
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True
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Brain growth is greatest during the teenage years.
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False
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Infants have lower calorie needs per pound than older children.
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False
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Parents should carefully control the amount of food their children eat.
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false
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______ is the most effective method for preventing cancer in laboratory animals
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Calorie restriction
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The Nutrition Screening Initiative’s DETERMINE checklist
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can be used to assess nutritional risk among older adults
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An herbal remedy commonly used by women to control symptoms of menopause is
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black cohosh
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Some ways to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease are to
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quit smoking and reduce saturated fat intake
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Which of the following organs is NOT affected by alcohol abuse?
Heart Liver Esophagus None of these choices are correct |
None of these choices are correct
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The maximum life span for humans is about
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122 years.
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Common nutrition-related chronic diseases of adults include
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atheroschlerosis, hypertension, and obesity.
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Which of the following recommendations is aimed at promoting healthful eating for older adults?
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Eat small, frequent meals composed of nutrient-dense foods
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Alcohol use has a beneficial effect with regard to all except
cardiovascular disease. cancer. diabetes. ischemic strokes. |
cancer.
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Nutrients that deserve special emphasis in a diet plan for the elderly include all of the following EXCEPT
Vitamin B-6. Calcium. Zinc. Vitamin A. |
Vitamin A.
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Inadequate ________ increases the risk of anemia in the older population.
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vitamin B-12
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The life expectancy for the general population in North America is about
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77 years
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______ refers to the extent to which an organ can preserve essentially normal function despite decreasing cell number or cell activity
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Reserve capacity
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The most current prescription for good health throughout life is to
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Establish harmony among physical, mental, and social states.
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Health promotion and disease prevention can be achieved by
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proper diet and exercise.
observing the “no smoking” edict. limiting alcohol intake and learning how to deal with stress |
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Hypotheses on aging include all except which of the following ideas?
Reduced physical activity spares physiological deterioration Cell loss is genetically programmed Partial misdirection of the immune system occurs Free radicals cause cell damage |
Reduced physical activity spares physiological deterioration
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Intervention(s) that help slow the process of aging include
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healthy diet.
low calorie intake. aerobic and strength training. |
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The American Medical Association describes alcoholism as
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An illness characterized by significant impairment directly related to persistent and excessive use of alcohol. Impairment can involve physiological and social dysfunction, and for psychological, social, and genetic reasons, some people are more vulnerable to this disorder than others.
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Warning signs of Alzheimer’s Disease include all of the following except
recent memory loss that affects job performance. problems with language. disorientation to time and place. increased judgement. |
increased judgement
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A healthy diet for older adults includes special attention to which nutrient(s)?
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Vitamin D
Vitamin B-12 Calcium |
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Which of the following factors is linked to an increased risk of cancer?
High physical activity Obesity Excess alcohol intake Obesity and excess alcohol intake |
Obesity and excess alcohol intake
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The maximum age at which people die has increased dramatically in the last century
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False
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Adults should aim to spend at least 30 minutes in moderate physical activity on most (or all) days of the week.
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True
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Medications taken by the elderly can cause nutritional problems.
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True
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Excessive intake of vitamin A supplements can cause bone pain and hair loss in the elderly
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True
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Delayed wound healing should alert a clinician to examine the protein, zinc, and vitamin C intakes of an older person
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True
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The CAGE questionnaire is a popular and effective way to screen for alcohol abuse.
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True
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Men are advised to limit alcoholic beverages to three drinks a day, while women are advised to drink no more than two drinks per day.
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False
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