Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Hypotheses |
A prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. |
-More narrow that theories. -Help test theories. |
|
Experiment |
The investigation of the relationship between two (or more) variables by deliberately changing one variable in a controlled situation and observing the effect of that change on other aspects of the situation. |
Cause and effect relationships |
|
Experimental manipulation |
The change that the experimenter deliberately makes. |
Steps: develop hypothesis or hypotheses. (Ex. Poorly lit room= low test scores). |
|
Experimental group |
Group that receives a treatment |
|
|
Control group |
Group that receives no treatment |
Test takers in well lit rooms perform better that test takers in a poorly lit room. |
|
Independent variable |
Manipulated variable |
Lighting |
|
Dependent variable |
Measured variable that is expected to change as a result of manipulating the IV |
Test scores |
|
Random assignment to condition |
Participant are assigned to groups based on change. |
Guarantees equal change of characteristics distribution to various groups. |
|
Significant outcome |
Meaningful results that lead to confirmation of hypotheses |
|
|
Replicated research |
Repeated research using different procedures, settings, groups of people to increase confidence in previous findings. |
|
|
The scientific method |
-Identify questions of interest -Formulate an explanation -Carry our research -Communicate the findings |
4 steps |
|
Central nervous system |
Composed of: Brain, spinal cord |
|
|
Brain |
Is responsible for the functioning of the endocrine system |
|
|
Old brain Central core |
Controls basic functions example eating, sleeping Hindbrain, medulla, pons, cerebellum thalamus, hypothalamus Amygdala, hippocampus |
|
|
Lateralized (new brain) |
Dominance of one hemisphere in specific functions Left controls right side of body (speaking, reading, reasoning) Right side controls left side of the body (special relationships, recognition, music, emotional expression, processes of information as a whole) |
|
|
Principle of conservation |
Knowledge thw quality is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects |
|
|
Cerebral cortex |
The new brain. Gives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements. -Cerebral cortex, 4 sections called lobes: Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital. |
|
|
Médula |
Controls breathing and heartbeat |
|
|
Pons |
Transmitter of motor information, sleep regulation |
|
|
Cerebellum |
Balance, alcohol depresses it, involved with problem solving |
|
|
Thalamus |
Located in middle of Central core relay station for information about the senses |
|
|
Hypothalamus |
Located below the thalamus, homeostasis- steady internal environment for the body, provides constant body temperature, regulates eating, drinking, sexual behavior |
|
|
The limbic system beyond the central core |
Controls eating, aggression, and reproduction |
|
|
Amygdala |
Fear and aggression example Savage animals gone good |
|
|
Hippocampus |
Learning and memory. It's stimulation with electrodes is compared to sexual orgasm |
-Patient with part of limbic system removed cannot remember his address where he had lived eight years ago -rats Peak electrical stimulators over food |
|
New brain |
The motor area of the cortex, the sensory area of the cortex. |
|
|
Motor area of the cortex |
Largely responsible for the body's voluntary movements. |
Facial expressions and finger movements |
|
Sensory area of the cortex |
Corresponds to body sensations |
Fingers |
|
Neuroplasticity |
The brain continually recognizing itself. Adaptation to new situations |
|
|
Neurogenesis |
New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood |
Memory and learning |
|
Left brain |
Controls right side of the body, verbal competence, processes information sequentially |
Speaking, reading, reasoning |
|
Right brain |
Co trips left side of body |
Spatial relationships, recognition of patterns and drawings, music, emotional expression, processes information as a whole |
|
Down syndrome |
One of the causes of mental retardation Occurs when zygote receives an extra chromosome at conception Higher risk when mother is younger than 18 or older than 35 years old. |
|
|
Suicide causes |
School problems, self destructive behavior, loss of appetite or excessive eating, withdrawal from friends and peers, sleeping problems, signs of depression, preoccupation with death, putting affairs in order, giving away prized possessions, preparing care of pet, explicit announcement of thoughts of suicide. |
|
|
Neurons |
Dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, myelin sheath, |
|
|
Dendrites |
Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons Found at one end of the cell |
|
|
Axon |
Carries messages receives by the dendrites to other neurons Found at opposite end of the cell than dendrites |
|
|
Terminal buttons |
Send messages (impulses) to other neurons |
Electrical messages Move in one direction only |
|
Myelin sheath |
Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axons Increases velocity of impulses as they travel through axons |
Hot stove |
|
All or none law |
Neurons transmitting an electrical impulse along the axon either on or off |
|
|
Resting state |
Off, negative electrical charge |
|
|
Mirror neurons |
Specialized neurons that fire mot only when a person enacts a particular behavior, but also when a person simply observes another individual. |
|
|
Synapse |
Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neurons communicates with the dendrites of a receiving chemical message |
|
|
Within neuron messages travel in... |
Electrical form |
|
|
Between neurons messages travel in... |
Chemical form |
|
|
Neurotransmitters |
Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrites of a receiving neuron |
|
|
Excitatory messages |
Increase likelihood that neuron will fire |
|
|
Inhibitory messages |
Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire |
|
|
Reuptake |
Reabsorption by the terminal button period it's understanding like to develop of drugs to treat psychological disorders |
|
|
Three kinds of neurons involved in reflexes |
1. Sensory neurons. Transmit info from perimeter of body to CNS Motor (efferent) neurons. communicate info from neuron system to glands and muscles. Intern neurons. connects sensory and motor neurons period carries messages between sensory and motor neurons |
|