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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Berko and Brown (1960)
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comprehension and reproduction: 'fis'
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Cruttenden (1974)
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phonological development: football score
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W.O.Grady et al., Contemporary Linguistics (1996)
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Words used by children in first 18 months:
Entities, properties, actions, personal-social. |
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Aichison (1987)
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Child's acquisition of vocabulary stages:
1. Labelling 2. Packaging 3. Network building |
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Bloom (1973)
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Ambiguity of two-word sentences: 'mummy sock'
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Brown (1973)
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7 stages of acquisition of inflections for children aged 20-36months. 1. -ing 2. plural -s 3. possessive -'s 4. 'the' 'a' 6.third person singular -s 7. auxiliary 'be'
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Cruttenden (1979)
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3 stages of acquisition of inflections:
1. words learnt on individual basis 2. learn principles governing inflections (under/overextension occurs) 3. correct inflections used, including irregulars. |
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Berko (1958)
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Understanding of grammatical rules: 'Wugs'
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Halliday (1975)
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7 functions of children's language:
1. instrumental 2.regulatory 3.interactional 4.personal 5.heuristic 6.imaginative 7.representational (iriphir) |
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Bancroft (1996)
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showed that the game of 'peek-a-boo' has parallels with typical conversation.
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Youssef (1991)
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3year9month child adjusting amount of standard English used with mother/Trinidadian helper/friends of same age
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Skinner (1957)
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Imitation and reinforcement theory
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Chomsky (1965)
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Children have innate ability to extract underlying rules from the language heard around them using LAD
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Bard and Sachs (1977)
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Studied a child called Jim, who was the son of deaf parents.
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Piaget
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Developed the cognition theory:
related object permanence (developed 12-18months) with the acquisition of new vocabulary and comparatives. |
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Coupland (1991)
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Studied the effects of using child-directed speech towards the elderly.
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David Crystal (1995)
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Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language
Identified 5 characteristics of Standard English. |
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Michael Halliday
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Three main influences on the variety of language used:
Field, manner, mode. |
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Trudgill (1983)
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Studied how the pronunciation of -ing changes in relaxed conversations and reading aloud.
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Crystal and David (1969)
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Measured the amount of contractions used in a phone conversation between friends (59.9%), a phone conversation between strangers (48.8%), interviews (25.4%), broadcasts (21.5%).
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Howard Giles
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Accommodation Theory
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Coupland (1984)
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Studied a woman at a Cardiff travel agency who adjusted her pronunciation according the the social background of her clients.
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H.P.Grice (1975)
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The Cooperative principle
(participants have common goals and agreed ways of achieving goals. Maxims of quality, relevance, manner and quantity. |
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Irvine Goffman (1955)
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Face theory
=the way we present ourselves -face-threatening acts -face-work -face needs |
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Brown and Levinson (1987)
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Positive and Negative politeness theory
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Robin Lakoff (1973)
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The Politeness Principal:
Three maxims speakers usually observe: -Don't impose -Give options -Make your receiver feel good |
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Fishman (1990)
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In mixed-sex conversations, the average time for which a man will speak is approximately double the time for which a woman will speak.
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Zimmerman and West (1975)
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Analysed the amount of interruptions in informal student conversations in public places.
Same-sex: evenly distributed mixed-sex: 96%male |
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Lakoff (1975)
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Because of their social position, woman are more tentative than men in their speech.
(use of indirect+tag questions) |
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Labov (1966)
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Studied the use of the postvocalic r (considered socially prestigious).
Discovered that in casual speech, upper and middle class speakers used the postvocalic r more, but in more formal situations, the reverse was the case. |
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Petyt (1980)
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Examined the dropping of 'h' sound at the end of words in Bradford. Discovered there was a close relationship between 'h' dropping and social class.
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Lesley Milroy (1980)
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Studied social networks in Belfast:
Members of a speech community are connected to each other in social networks which may be relatively 'closed' or 'open'. A person whose personal contacts all know each other belong to a closed network. An individual whose contacts tend not to know each other belong to an open network.In the case of language, this means that a closely-knit group will have the capacity to enforce linguistic norms. |