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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe action potential |
1)Depolarization opens voltage gate sodium channels and Na ions rush in 2) v-g K channels open and K ions rush out. Cell more positively charged than outside 3)cell positivity reaches threshold = action potential (firing) 4) Na channels close close. Flows stop. Cell hyperpolarized 5) K channels close. Flows stop. Cell hyperpolarized6) cell returns to resting potential thru ion channels thru Na-K potassium pump 6) cell returns to resting potential thru ion channels thru Na-K potassium pump |
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Describe neurotransmission |
Neurotransmitters released by presynaptic (first) neuron into synapase. NTs bind to receptors on postsynaptic (second) neuron. Activated receptors excite/inhibit (activate/prevent action potential) in post synaptic neuron |
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Chemicals that bridge synapse between neurons; stored in vesicles |
Neurotransmitters |
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The lock and key analogy refers to |
NTs(key) & receptors (lock). Only certain NTs activate specific receptors |
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NT; Motor control over muscles, learning, memory, sleeping & dreaming |
Acetylcholine |
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NT; Energy |
Epinephrine |
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Arousal, vigilance, attention |
Norepinephrine |
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NT; emotional states and impulsiveness; dreaming |
Serotonin |
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NT; Reward and motivation; motor control over voluntary movement (THINK OF P) |
Dopamine |
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Inhibition of action potentials; anxiety reduction |
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
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NT; Enhancement of action potentials; learning and memory |
Glutamate |
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Pain reduction; reward |
Endorphins |
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Two branches of nervous system |
Central and peripheral |
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Brain and spinal cord |
Central nervous system |
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Anywhere other than the brain & spinal cord |
Peripheral nervous system |
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Two branches of peripheral nervous system |
Somatic and autonomic |
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The somatic nervous system consists of |
Skin, muscles and joints sending signals to the spinal cord and brain and vice versa Voluntary control of body movement |
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The two branches of the autonomic nervous system that deal with brain sending signals to glands/internal organs |
Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system |
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Fight, flight or freeze; prepares the body for action |
Sympathetic nervous system |
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Rest and digest; returns body to resting state |
Parasympathetic nervous system |
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How do the nervous system and the endocrine system communicate? |
CNS controls endocrine system. Neural activation of hypothalamus causes it to release a releasing factor, signals pituitary gland to release a hormone specific to releasing factor, traveling to endocrine sites to affect body rxn & behavior |
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How does environment influence brain activity? |
-neuroplasticity -critical period -enrichment -exercise |
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Ability of the brain to change in response to experience |
Neuroplasticity |
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Sex differences in brain structure and function? |
-different hormones during development -women have less lateralization, therefore language assoc with both halves of brain; have more communicating fibers between cerebral hemisphere |
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How did brain evolve |
1) hindbrain(brainstem) 2) midbrain(subcortical structure) 3)forebrain(cerebral hemisphere) |
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Identical twins |
Monozygotic |
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Fraternal twins |
Dizygotic twins |
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Creation of new brain cells |
Neurogenesis |
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Study of how genes are expressed |
Epigenetics |
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Instructions for gene expression = Physical appearance/behavior = |
Genotype Phenotype |
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Chemical substances that carry messages throughout entire bloodstream(this separates them from neurotransmitters) |
Hormones |
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Master gland that controls release if hormones in the endocrine system |
Pituitary |
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Personality is a _____ trait |
Polygenic |
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Cells that receive, integrate and transmit info in the nervous system |
Neurons |
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emotional response, esp neg emotions like fear and threat |
Amygdala |
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Injecting a harmless radioactive substance into the bloodstream |
PET brain imaging method |
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Receives info from the external world and conveys info to the brain |
Sensory neuron |
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Difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a neuron's cell membrane |
Resting potential |
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Correct order order for firing of a neuron? |
Resting potential, threshold, action potential, refractory period |
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Control functions assoc with survival (heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, urination, orgasm) |
Brain stem |
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Large convoluted protuberance at the back of the brain; essential for coordinated mvmt and balance |
Cerebellum |
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Gateway to the brain; receives almost all incoming sensory info before that info reaches cortex |
Thalamus |
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Involved in regulation of body temp, body rhythms, blood pressure, and blood glucose levels; homeostasis |
Hypothalamus |
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Formation of memories |
Hippocampus |
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Planning and production of movement |
Basal ganglia |
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Outer layer of brain tissue that forma the convoluted surface of the brain ; site of all thoughts, perceptions and complex behaviors |
Cerebral cortex |
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Massive bridge of millions of axons that connect the hemispheres and allow info to flow between them |
Corpus callosum |
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Back of the head; devoted almost exclusively to vision |
Occipital lobe |
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Regions of cerebral cortex in front of the occipital lobes and behind frontal; important for touch & attention to the environment |
Parietal lobes |
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Temples; hearing & memory |
Temporal lobes |
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Motor strip |
frontal lobe |
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Some functions stronger on one side of brain than other |
Lateralization |
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Hemispheres control opposite sides of the body |
Contralateral control |