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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Absolutism
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-supreme sovereignty is embodied in the ruler
-monarchs claimed rule by divine right -state attempted to control all aspects of culture -success dependent on finances -glorification of the state |
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Duke of Sully
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(Maximilian de Bethune)
-Henry IV's minister -reduced debt and sponsored economic expansion -lowered taxes on peasants |
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Who laid the foundations for French absolutism?
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Cardinal Richelieu
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-minister to Louis XIII
-restricted noble power -used intendants -Anti-Habsburg foreign policy |
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Jules Mazarin
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-Richelieu's successor
-his policies led to the Fronde |
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The Fronde
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-civil war between the monarchy and the middle class/nobility who held government offices and felt they were being antagonized by the monarchy
-hurt the French economy -persuaded Louis XIV that only absolutism could combat anarchy -monarchy learned that it needed to compromise with officials |
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How did Louis XIV achieve absolutism?
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He collaborated with the nobility, allowing both the nobles and the monarchy to gain some influence
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How did Louis XIV limit the powers of the nobles?
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He required them to live at Versailles for at least part of the year
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What did Versailles symbolize?
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It represented power and influenced rulers all around Europe. Many other rulers copied his palace, and grand architecture became a symbol of power and authority.
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Jean-Baptiste Colbert
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-Louis XIV's financial minister
-mercantilist policy based on selling abroad but buying nothing back -led to development of manufacturing, but economy largely based on agriculture |
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What was a major weakness of French absolutism?
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An inadequate tax base - peasants were heavily burdened while the nobility and middle classes were often exempt
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Why did Louis XIV revoke the Edict of Nantes? What was the result?
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He believed that religious unity was essential to his absolute rule.
Many Huguenots converted or fled, though minimal damage was done to the economy. |
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French Classicism
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-imitation of classical subjects and styles
-efforts directed to glorification of the state/king -Nicholas Poussin, Jean-Baptiste Lully, Francois Couperin, Marc-Antoine Charpentier, Moliere, Jean Racine |
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Francois le Tellier
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-Louis's Secretary of War
-created a professional army controlled by the state (the king) |
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Jean Marinet
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-reformed the army
-introduced an ambulance corps and commissariat -modernized it with new weapons and uniforms -introduced training and promotion systems |
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What was the issue in the War of Spanish Succession?
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Charles II (could not have children) of Spain was about to die. The monarchs of Europe decided to split Spanish holdings between Louis and the Habsburg ruler, relations of Charles. However, Charles left Spanish rule to Louis's grandson, Philip of Anjou, in his will. Louis ignored his agreement and accepted the will, as it could potentially give him control of Spain.
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The Grand Alliance
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-opposed France in the War of the Spanish Succession
-led by Prince Eugene of Savoy and John Churchill of England (duke of Marlborough) -included the English, Dutch (who provided many of the funds), Austrians, & Prussians -they didn't win decisive victories, but they did prevent further French expansion -represent European balance-of-power |
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The Peace of Utrecht
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-ended the WSS
-Philip got Spanish crown, though Spanish and French crowns forbidden to ever unite -England gained French territory & some of Spain's lands -represented balance of power, expanded British empire, completed decline of Spain as an international power, and ended French expansion policies |
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Spain in the 1600s
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-weak
-its peak had been in the 1500s |
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Why was Spain weakening?
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-lost some trade with the colonies (they became more self-sufficient)
-Precious metals decreased, yet expenditures exceeded income -state forced to declare bankruptcy several times -small middle class |
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Count Duke Olivares
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(Gaspar de Guzman)
-minister to Philip IV -believed that the solution to Spain's problems was to return to imperialism -got Spain involved in the 30 Years' War |
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Treaty of the Pyrenees
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1659
gave France vast Spanish holdings, ending Spain's great power |
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Don Quixote
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written by Miguel de Cervantes
describes 16th Century Spanish society |
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Constitutionalism
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-limitation of government by law
-balance between government power and individual rights |
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King James I
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-Elizabeth's successor
-unpopular -Scottish -believed in divine right -too Catholic |
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How was the House of Commons evolving in the early 1600s?
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-members became more intelligent, wealthy, and powerful due to economic expansion
-wanted more power |
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What were the causes of the English Civil War (1642-1649)?
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Archbishop Laud imposed new methods of worship on the English and Scots. The Scots revolted and Charles was forced to ask Parliament for money. Soon, the Irish revolted as well, so Charles led the nobility against Parliament.
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The Long Parliament
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-sat from 1640-1660
-passed legislation limiting the King's power in exchange for money to suppress the rebellions |
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Triennial Act (1641)
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required the king to call Parliament within 3 years
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What was the result of the English Civil War?
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-Charles was executed.
-The Interregnum (period between two absolute monarchies) began. -Military Dictatorship under Oliver Cromwell began. |
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Thomas Hobbes
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wrote "Leviathan", claiming that sovereignty was derived from the people and given implicitly to the monarch
**power is NOT held by divine right** |
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Oliver Cromwell
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-leader of the "Protectorate" commonwealth (military dictatorship)
-member of the long Parliament |
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The Protectorate
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-Constitution: the Instrument of Government was controversial
-divided into military districts -Puritan values -toleration of all religions except Roman Catholicism (not popular) -crushed the Irish Rebellion -improved the economy through mercantilism -the Navigation Act -encouraged Jewish emigration |
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The Navigation Act (1651)
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-enforced England's mercantilist policies
-required all English goods to be shipped on English vessels -resulted in a small but successful war with the Dutch -led to expansion of England's merchant marine |
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How was the monarchy restored?
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In 1660, Charles II (son of Charles I) was brought back; Parliament, the Church, courts, and local governments were reestablished
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The Test Act (1673)
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refused certain rights (voting, office holding, etc.) to those who refused the sacrament of the English Church. Restrictions were difficult to enforce.
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What was Charles's relationship with Parliament? Why?
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-good relationship between monarch & legislative
-the Cabal (cabinet) |
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Why did the English dislike Charles II?
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-he was too pro-Catholic
-he entered into a secret treaty with Louis XIV to encourage Catholicism |
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Why did the English dislike James II?
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-he was Catholic
-he granted religious freedom -he ignored the Test Act and appointed Catholics -his second wife gave birth to a son, who would be Catholic |
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Glorious Revolution
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-leaders of Parliament invited James's Protestant daughter, Mary, and her husband, William of Orange, to rule England
-they were crowned in 1689, endng English divine right monarchy -recognized Parliamentary supremacy |
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English Bill of Rights
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-William and Mary had to agree to a Bill of Rights
-protected the powers of Parliament, the rights of the people, and granted freedom of worship, while requiring the monarch to be Protestant |
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John Locke
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-"Second Treatise of Civil Government" (1690) claimed that government existed to protect peoples' natural rights
-influenced Enlightenment thought and colonial American ideas |
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The Evolution of the Cabinet
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-the cabinet advised the monarch and was responsible to the Commons
-the position of Prime Minister, the cabinet leader, was 'established' by Robert Walpole |
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The Dutch Estates
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-a loose confederation
-each estate led by a stadholder, their representative -estates resisted centralization |
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What were key Dutch industries?
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-trade
-banking -transport |
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Why were the Dutch successful?
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-religious tolerance brought in skilled foreigners
-the Dutch E/W India joint stock Companies allowed them to prosper -they had a higher standard of living and fewer food riots than the rest of Europe |
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What caused the Dutch decline?
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the War of Spanish Succession drained resources
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What was a key difference in western versus eastern serfdom?
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western peasants were gaining rights whereas eastern serfs were becoming further oppressed
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Why did the peasantry become further oppressed in eastern Europe?
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-for political reasons
-weak kings allowed nobles to restrict serf rights -peasants on the frontier weren't well united -towns and urban/middle classes were also undermined |
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What played a key role in the development of absolute monarchies?
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War and threat of war
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How did absolute monarchs gain or maintain their rule?
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-imposing permanent taxes
-maintaining standard armies -conducting their own relations with foreign states |
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What was considered Austria?
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lands under the Habsburg rule
-Austria -Bohemia -Hungary (later) |
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Charles VI's Pragmatic Sanction
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stated that Habsburg possessions must be passed intact to an heir, who could be a female
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How did Hungarian absolutism differ from the rest of Austria?
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the nobility thwarted absolutism via revolt
-they were Protestant -they saw the Turks as a military ally -the were determined to remain independent -Prince Francis Rakoczy led a revolt (1703) which caused Charles VI to restore aristocratic privileges in exchange for their recognition of hereditary Habsburg rule |
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Who headed Prussia?
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the Hohenzollern family; weak local princes who were easily overpowered by the landed nobility
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Frederick William (1640-1688)
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-the "Great Elector"
-created a standing army, which formed the core of his state bureaucracy and enforced taxation -war & invasion strengthened his requests for money & unity |
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Why was the power of Prussian nobles limited?
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-the nobles were unwilling to join with urban interests to unite against Frederick William
-FW confirmed their privileges of tax exclusion & peasant control while decreasing the power of the states |
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Elector Frederick III (1688-1713)
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the "Ostentatious", weak
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King Frederick William I (1713-1740)
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the "Soldiers' King"
-fully established absolutism by creating a strong army & influsing military values into society -saw the world as a power struggle -created a strong bureaucracy, which was staffed by many commoners & developed the economy -Junkers became the officer caste -frugal; almost always at peace |
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Junkers
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-Prussian nobles
-became the officer caste |
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Who controlled Russia, causing it to eventually unite?
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the Mongols under Jenghis Khan
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Ivan I (1328-1341)
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-the "Moneybag"
-named the Great Prince after defeating the Tver prince -brought prestige to Moscow |
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Ivan III
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-expanded Muscovy
-gave conquered lands to the nobility under the condition that they serve him |
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How did Muscovite princes come to see themselve?
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-absolute rulers...stopped acknowledging the khan as supreme ruler
-the heir of tsars AND Orthodox Christianity |
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Ivan IV (1533-1584)
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-the "Terrible"
-began reign of terror, leading to depopulation |
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Cossacks
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groups of peasants who fled to the frontiers, forming their own bands/armies to oppose the tsar's rule
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How was the middle class affected?
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-the tsar monopolized commercial activites
-urban merchants were insecure and dependent on the tsar -checked the growth of the middle class |
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the Time of Troubles (1598-1613)
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-period of turmoil after the death of Ivan and his son Theodore
-Cossacks led revolts and demanded a true tsar -fights for power among nobles -attacks by Poland/Sweden |
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Michael Romanov (1613-1645)
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-elected tsar by the nobility
-kindly disposed to nobles -reduced noble obligations while further oppressing peasants |
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Chuch Split
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-due to reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon
-alienated the masses |
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Stenka Razin
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led the Cossacks in attacks on the Volga
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What were the main obligations of the nobility?
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-limitation of the serfs
-maintaining the tsar |
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Peter the Great (1682-1725)
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-built up the army
-required (of the nobility) lifetime service in the army or civil administration -created schools to produce skilled people -the state owned most industrial enterprises -serfdom became more oppressive -westernized & modernized Russia -a new educated class widened the split between peasants & nobility |
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Baroque Art
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based on emotion
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How was baroque art used to enhance absolutism?
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it glorified the rulers' power and magnificence, especially in architecture
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How were new royal cities symbolic?
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They featured imposing buildings, mathematical layouts, and broad avenues. This showcased the rich, the wide roads allowed for easy military access and speed, which were symbols of power.
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