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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How are epaxial muscles defined? what is their general role? |
muscles dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae extensors of the vertebral column |
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How are hypaxial muscles defined? what is their general role? |
muscles ventral to the transverse processes of the vertebrae (includes muscles of the thoracic and abdominal walls) inspiration and expiration |
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the second cervical spinal nerve gives rise to what two nerves of the neck? |
great auricular nerve (sensory from neck, ear, caudal part of head) transverse cervical (colli) nerve (sensory from cranioventral part of neck) |
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What is the fate of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical spinal nerves? |
motor to muscles of the neck sensory from skin of neck sensory to skin (C3, C4, through omotransversarius) contribute to phrenic nerve (ventral branch of C5) |
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what muscles form the dorsal and ventral boundaries of the external jugular vein? |
dorsal: brachiocephalicus (c-cervicalis and c-mastoideus) ventral: sternocephalicus (s-occipitalis and s-mastoideus) |
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top: maxillary vein middle: linguofacial vein bottom: external jugular vein |
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the external jugular is formed by the joining of which two veins? |
maxillary vein and linguofacial vein (linguofacial vein is formed by joining of lingual and facial veins) |
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what structure connects the R and L lingual veins in the dog, and the R and L linguofacial veins in the cat? |
venous hyoid arch |
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which is located more dorsally, the esophagus or the trachea? |
the esophagus |
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the trachea has an associated muscle and associated ligaments. what are these called? |
Tracheal ligaments (course between tracheal rings) Trachealis muscle (fills dorsal gap formed by incomplete tracheal rings, made of smooth muscle) |
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where is the thyroid gland located in relation to the trachea and the larynx? |
lateral aspect of the trachea caudal to the larynx |
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what structures are contained within the carotid sheath? (hint, there's 5) |
common carotid artery vagosympathetic trunk recurrent laryngeal nerve jugular vein tracheal lymphatic duct |
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Longus capitis insertion and origin |
courses between C6 vertebra and the skull lateral to Longus colli O: caudal portions of transverse processes of C2-C6 I: muscular tubercle of basioccipital bone |
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Longus capitis action |
flex atlanto-occipital joint and draw neck downward |
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Longus capitis |
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Longus colli thoracic part, origin and insertion |
courses between T6 and C1 vertebrae medial to Longus capitis O: ventral surfaces, T1-T6 I: transverse processes C6-C7
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Longus colli cervical portion, origin and insertion |
courses between T6 and C1 vertebrae medial to Longus capitis O: ventral border of transverse processes C3-C6 I: ventral crest of preceding vertebra, cranial segment inserts on ventral tubrecle of atlas |
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What is the action of Longus colli? |
draw the neck downward |
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Longus colli |
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What are the 2 general actions of hypaxial muscles? |
Inspiration: increase size of the thoracic cavity, ribs move cranially and outward Expiration: decrease the size of the thoracic cavity, ribs move caudally and inward |
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what nerves innervate the hypaxial muscles? |
1. ventral branches of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves 2. intercostal nerves |
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what is the action of scalenus? hypaxial or epaxial? |
inspiration: draw ribs cranially hypaxial |
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what is the action of serratus dorsalis cranialis? hypaxial or epaxial? |
inspiration: lift ribs hypaxial |
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what is the action of serratus dorsalis caudalis? hypaxial or epaxial? |
expiration: draw the last 3-4 ribs caudally hypaxial |
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what is the action of rectus thoracis? hypaxial or epaxial? |
aid in inspiration hypaxial |
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what is the action of the external intercostal muscles? hypaxial or epaxial? |
draw the ribs together inspiration (pull ribs cranially) hypaxial |
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what is the action of the internal intercostal muscles? hypaxial or epaxial? |
draw the ribs together expiration (retract the ribs) hypaxial |
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Are external and internal abdominal oblique hypaxial or epaxial? where are they found (general region)? |
hypaxial abdominal wall |
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is transversus abdominis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)? |
hypaxial abdominal wall |
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is rectus abdominis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)? |
hypaxial abdominal wall |
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Is ventrolateral sacrocaudalis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)? |
hypaxial tail |
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is ventromedial sacrocaudalis hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)? |
hypaxial tail |
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is ventral caudal intertransversarius hypaxial or epaxial? where is it found (general region)? |
hypaxial tail |
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how are epaxial muscles innervated? |
dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and caudal nerves |
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Epaxial muscles are divided into what 3 systems? |
Iliocostalis system (most lateral epaxials) Longissimus system Transversospinalis system |
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A. Transversospinalis system B. Longissimus system C. Iliocostalis system |
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What muscles are included in the Iliocostalis system? |
Iliocostalis lumborum Iliocostalis thoracis |
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What muscles are included in the Longissimus system? |
Longissimus thoracis et lumborum Longissimus cervicis Longissimus atlantis Longissimus capitis |
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What muscles are included in the Transversospinalis system? |
Splenius semispinalis capitis (biventer/cervicis and complexus) rectus capitis dorsalis obliquus capitis caudalis obliquus capitis cranialis spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis multifidus rotator interspinales intertransversarii |
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What is the general location, innervation, and action of the iliocostalis system? |
courses between the ilium and C7 innervated by dorsal branches of throacic and lumbar spinal nerves action: fixation of vertebral column, lateral movement, aids in expiration |
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A. Iliocostalis thoracis B. Iliocostalis lumborum |
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What is the general location and innervation of the longissimus system?
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extends from the ilium to the head innervated by dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves
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what is the strongest muscle of the trunk in the lumbar and thoracic regions? |
Longissimus thoracis et lumborum |
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red: longissimus capitis green: longissimus cervicis purple: longissimus thoracis |
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longissimus lumborum |
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What is the general location and innervation of the transversospinalis system?
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most medial and deep epaxial muscle mass innervated by dorsal branches of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal spinal nerves |
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top: rhomboideus black: splenius bottom: serratus ventralis cervicis |
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blue: semispinalis capitis biventer cervicis red: semispinalis capitis complexus |
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nuchal ligament |
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1. rectus capitis dorsalis 2. obliquus capitis cranialis 3. obliquus capitis caudalis |
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what is the attachment and main action of rectus capitis dorsalis? |
courses from the spinous process of C2 (axis) to the occipital bone extends the atlanto-occipital joint |
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what is the attachment and main action of obliquus capitis cranialis? |
from the lateral surface of the wing of the atlas (C1) to the mastoid process and nuchal crest of the skull extends the atlanto-occipital joint |
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what is the attachment and main action of obliquus capitis caudalis? |
from the spinous process and caudal articular process of the axis (C2) to the wing of the atlas (C1) unilateral action: rotation of the atlas on the axis bilateral action: fixation of the atlantoaxial joint |
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spinalis et semispinalis thoracis et cervicis |
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multifidus lumborum |
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multifidus cervicis |
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what is unique about the rotator muscles in the deep epaxial system? |
it is only present in the cranial thoracic region, not in the lumbar region |
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What are the names of the epaxial tail muscles? |
dorsolteral sacrocaudalis dorsomedial sacrocaudalis dorsal caudal intertransversarius |
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iliocostalis lumborum longissimus lumborum multifidus lumborum dorsolateral sacrocaudalis dorsomedial sacrocaudalis dorsal caudal intertransersarius |