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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 types tissues |
epithelia, connective, muscle, and neural
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epithelial tissue
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covers an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passageway
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epithelial characteristics
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1) cellularity - composed of tightly bound cells
2) polarity - uneven distribution 3) attachment - basal surface bound to basement membrane 4) avascularity - no blood vessels 5) arrangement - sheets or layers 6) regeneration - damaged cells replaced |
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epithelial functions
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1) provide physical protection
2) controls permeability 3) provides senstations 4) produce specialized secretions |
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neuroepithelium
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specialized sensory epithelium found in special sense organs that provide the senstations of smell, taste, sight, and equilibrium
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gland cells
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epithelia that produce secretions
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Epithelial physical integrity
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1) Intercellular Connections - bind adjacent epithelial cells together
2) attachment to basal lamina - kees epithelium firmly attached to the basement membrane 3) maintenance and renewal |
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Epithelial classifications
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1) cellular arrangement - how many layers
2) cellular shape |
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simple cellular arrangement
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single layer of cells
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stratified cellular arrangement
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several layers of cells
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squamous cell shape
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thin, flat, irregular
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cuboidal cell shape
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hexagonal box shape with a centered nucleus
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columnar cell shape
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hexagonal shape, but taller and wider
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transitional cell shape
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irregular or atypical in shape
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simple squamous epithelium
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locations: mesothelia line ventral body cavities; endothelia line hare and blood vessels; kidney tubules, cornea, lung alveoli
functions: reduces friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion |
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mesothelium
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lines ventral body cavities
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stratified squamous epithelium
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locations: surface of skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, and vagina
functions: physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chem attack |
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keratinized
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epithelial tissue whose apical layers of epithelial cells are packed with protein keratin, makes them strong and water resistant = skin
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nonkeratinized
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no keratin, will provide resistance to abrasion but will dry out and deteriorate unless kept moist = oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina
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simple columnar epithelium
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locations: stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidneys
functions: protection, secretion, absorption |
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stratified cuboidal epithelium
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locations: lining of some ducts (rare)
functions: protection, secretion, absorption |
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stratified columnar epithelium
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locations: small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland, salivary gland ducts, and urethra
function: protection |
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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locations: lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi; male reproductive tract
functions: protection, secretion |
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transitional epithelium
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locations: urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters
functions: permits expansion and recoil after stretching |
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glandular epithelium
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many epithelia contain glands that produce secretions
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exocrine secretions
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discharge onto surface of an epithelial tissue via ducts
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serous glands
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exocrine secretions of watery solution that usually contains enzymes
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mucous glands
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exocrine secretions of glycoproteins called mucins that absorb water to form a slippery mucus
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mixed exocrine glands
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contain more than one type of gland cell and can produce both serous and mucous secretions
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endocrine secretions
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ductless glands that release hormone secretions into surrounding extracellular fluid via exocytosis; hormones diffuse into blood for distribution to other regions of body where they coordinate activities of various systems
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unicellular glands
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individual secretory cells that secrete mucins
1) mucous cells - found with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium in trachea 2) goblet cells - found in simple columnar epithelium of intestines |
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multicellular glands
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glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that work together to produce secretions
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3 methods to release secretions
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1) merocrine
2) apocrine 3) holocrine |
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merocrine
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monst common mode of secretion; secretory product is released through exocytosis (ejection by fusion of vesicle and membrane)
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apocrine
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involves loss of cytoplasm along with secretory product
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holocrine
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destroys gland cell; entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and bursts apart; secretion released and cell dies
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connective tissue
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tissue located below basement membrane, never exposed to outside of body
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3 connective tissue components
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1) specialized cells
2) extracellular protein fibers 3) fluid ground substance |
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connective tissue matrix
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fibers and ground substance, connective tissue mostly matrix where epithelial is mostly cells
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connective tissue fuctions
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1) establish structural framework for body
2) transport fluids and dissolved materials 3) provide protection for delicate organs 4) support, surround and interconnect other tissue types 5) store energy reserves 6) protect body from invasion by microorganisms |
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3 connective tissue classifications
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1) connective tissue proper
2)fluid connective tissues 3) supporting connective tissues |
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fixed cells
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fibroblasts, fibrocytes, fixed macrophages, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes
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wandering cells
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free marcophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils
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fibroblasts
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produce connective tissue fibers
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collagen fibers
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most common and strongest; tensile strength
- tendons consist of almost only collagen fibers and connect skeletal muscles to bones - ligaments resemble tendons but connect a bone to another |
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reticular fibers
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thin fibers that form branching networks; create stroma in spleen and liver to stabilize their parenchyma (distinctive functional cells) by resisting forces from many directions
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elastic fibers
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stretch up to 150% their resting length, then recoil to original dimensions
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mesenchyme
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first connective tissue to appear in developing embryo; gives rise to all other connective tissues
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loose connective tissue proper
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fibers create loose, open framework; areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
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dense connective tissue proper
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fibers densely packed; dense regular, dense irregular, elastic
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areolar tissue
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locations: within and deep to skin dermis, covered by epithelial lining of digestive, repiratory, and urinary tract; between muscles; around blood vessels, nerves, and around joints
functions: cushions organs; provides support but permits independent movement; dense against pathogens |
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adipose tissue (fat)
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locations: deep to skin, especially at sides, butt, and breasts; padding around eyes and kidneys
functions: provides padding and cushions shock; insulates; stores energy |
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reticular tissue
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locations: liver, kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow
functions: provides supporting framework |
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dense regular connective tissue
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locations: between skeletal muscles and skeleton; between bones or stabilizing postitions of interal organs; covering skeletal muscles; deep fasciae
functions: provides firm attachment; conducts pull of muscles; reduces friction between muscles; stabilizes relative positions of bones |
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elastic tissue
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locations: between vertebrae of spinal column; ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls
functions: stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis; cushions shocks; permits expansion and contraction of organs |
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dense irregular connective tissue
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locations: capsules of visceral organs; periostea and perichondria; nerve and muscle sheats; dermis
functions: provides strength to resist forces applied from many directions; helps prevent overexpansion of organs |
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fluid connective tissues
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blood and lymph are connective tissues that contain distinctive collections of cells in a fluid matrix
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blood
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contains blood cells and fragments of cells collectively know as formed elements:
1) red blood cells 2) white blood cells 3) platelets |
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lymph
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forms as interstitial fluid and then enters lymphatic vessels, small passageways that return it to the cardiovasucar system
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extracellular fluid
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includes lymph, plasma, and interstitial fluid
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interstitial fluid
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fluid that bathes the body's cells
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supporting connective tissue
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cartilage and bone; provide strong framework that supports rest of body
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membranes
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consists of an epithelial sheet and underlyaing connective tissue layer; cover and protect other structures and tissues in body
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mucous membranes
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line passageways that communicate with the exterior, including digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts
1) form barrier that resists pathogens 2) epithelial surfaces must be kept moist 3) areolar tissue component called lamina propria |
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serous membrane
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line subdivisions of ventral body cavity
1) 3 serous membranes consisting of mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue -pleura, peritoneam, pericardium 2) thin and firmly attached to body wall and organs 3) parietal (wall) and visceral (organ) portions of a serous membrane are in close contact at all times - minimizing friction between these is primary function 4) fluid formed on surface called transudate |
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cutaneous membranes
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aka skin; covers surface of body; consists of stratifies squamous epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue
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synovial membranes
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line joint cavities and secrete synovial fluid; consist of areolar connective tissue bound by superficial squamous or cubodial epithelium
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muscle tissue
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3 types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth - contraction mechanism similar in all but differ in organization
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neural tisue
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2 cell types:
1) neurons - nerve cells that transmit impulses 2) neuroglia - supporting cells |
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integumentary system
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1) physical protection from environment
2) thermoregulation 3) synthesis and storage of lipid reserves 4) excretion 5) synthesis of vitamin D 6) sensory info 7) coordination of immune responses |
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cutaneous membrane
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epidermis and dermis
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accessory structures of integumentary system
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1) hair follicles
2) exocrine glands 3) nails |
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epidermis
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stratified squamous epithelial tissue
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epidermis functions
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1) protects underlying dermis
2) controls skin permeability 3) prevents pathogen 4) synthesizes Vitamin D 5) sensory receptors detect sensations 6) coordinates immune response |
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epidermis cells
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1) keratinocytes - most abundant
2) melanocytes - pigment cells 3) merkel cells - specialized touch receptor cells 4) langerhans cells - immune reponse |
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stratum germinativum (stratum basale)
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inntermost basal layer; attached to basal lamina; contains epidermal stem cells, melanocytes, and merkel cells
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strum spinosum
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keratinocytes bound together by macula adherens attached to tonofibrils of cytoskeleton; some keratinocytes divide; langerhans cells and melanocytes present
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stratum granulosum
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keratoncytes produce keratohyalin and keratin; keratin fibers develop as cells become thinner and flatter; cell membranes thicken, organelles disintegrate, cells die
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stratum lucidum
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appears glassy; in thick skin only
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stratum corneum
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many layers of flattened, dead, interlocking keratinocytes; dry; water resistant; permits slow water loss
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thin skin
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most of body covered with thin skin; no stratum lucidum; less keratinized
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thick skin
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contains all five layers; more stratum corneum; highly keratinized; palms of hand and soles of feet
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dermis
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connective tissue layer underlying epidermis
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papillary layer
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loos connective tissue; superficial layer that contains capillaries which supply the epidermis
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reticular layer
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dense irregular connective tissue; deep layer that contains blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat and sebaceous glands
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subcutaneous layer
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aka hypodermis or superficial fasica; layer of loose connective tissue with an abundance of fate cells; not part of integument but fuctions to stabilize skin's position against underlying organs
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