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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is ecology?
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Organisms interaction with their environment
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Levels of study
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organism,communities, populations, ecosystems
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what is climate?
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Long term weather patterns
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what is weather
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o Weather: short term atmospheric conditions
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How do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment?
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1.Behavioral
• Escape from predators • Search for mates 2.Physiological • Thrive in extreme cold • Break down food 3.Morphological • Camouflage |
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• Organismal Ecology
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o Organisms have adaptations that allow it to be successful in its environment
Ex: cow four stomachs, chewing cud. |
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Population Ecology
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Population: a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area at the same time
o How and why does population size change over time? |
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Growth rate
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In humans it is exponential...when reaches carrying capacity it will have to slow down
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• Community Ecology
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Multiple species that interact with one another within
a particular area. • How do species interact and what are the consequences? • Examples? • Parasitism • Mutualism predation.... |
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Ecosystem ecology
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o Broader scale than comm. Ecology.
o Alt the organisms in a particular regional along with abiotic components o How do energy and nutrients cycle through the environment? o Examples? • Single tree • In that tree habitat for many diff. species. o Plants, insects, birds, mammals etc. o Movement of nutrients o Ants serve a purpose in pollinating • Entire world • Various ecosystems • Food chain, trophic levels |
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Define Ecosystem
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All the organisms in a particular region, along with abiotic components.
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o Aquatic environments
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• Characteristics:
• Depth of water and rate of water movement • Net Primary production • How much photosynthesis is going on o How much carbon is being fixed o Deep water, less sun less productive & vice versa • Examples: o Ocean lakes rivers, streams, marshes etc |
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Tropical Wet Forests
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High species diversit
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Subtropical deserts
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Low species diversity
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Temperate Forests
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Moderate species diversity
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Boreal Forest
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Low species diversity
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Behavior definition
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1. Response to a stimulus or an interaction between an animal and the environment or with other organisms
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Cause of Behavior
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a) proximate causation-
the physiological change that occurs. b) ultimate causation- why does it occur? What is the evolutionary advantage or adaptation. |
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Innate behaviors
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an inherited behavior, little or no learning (more inherited and hard wired, it is a response)
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FAP
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-(fixed action pattern) a stereotypical action
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Innate behaviors: Fixed actions patterns
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• a.) No variation in action (golden eye (duck) head throw 1.29 seconds)
• Ex. Field mouse, when they hear a rattle they will immediately jump back. Wheather or not it is real is irrelavent • b.) species specific (web patterns in spiders, not learned) • c.)once started, it goes to completion-(goose will finish egg rolling if egg is taken away.) • d.)evoked by a releaser or sign stimulus o Cognition or learning not evident. |
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The problem with innate behaviors
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hard to adapt to tricks, the FAP will work most of the time.
• Its hard to adapt to these “sneaky” things a scientist will do. • Better safe than sorry, cost not that great if falsely brought out. |
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Conditional strategies, define
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Response to a complex stimulis
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Conditional strategies, example
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fish changing sexes
-size advantage hypothesis -One male then females... Male dies…largest female changes sexes Example 2: • Optimal foraging: White fronted bee-eater |
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Learning-
Define and give the types |
definition: a change in behavior that results from a previous experience
-1.classical conditioning -2.impriniting -3.bird song -4.coginition -5.communication -6.orientation -7.Migration -5. Communication |
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Imprinting
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Imprinting
• Rapid irreversible attachment in young to a distinct appearance • Ex: ducks, geese (critical period) • Conrad lorenze o Hatching duck’s and geese will follow and imprint on the first object/moving thing they see o Used diff. color boots and they would imprint on diff. color boots. o Without proper boot colors the response was not registered • Why do we see this behavior o Learn from the mother o Imprint on mother->Protection! (ultimate causation |
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Bird song
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• A. Innate known song ex. (not learned!) But still a behavior
o ex: chickens have this innate ability to make song. • B. White crowned sparrow-critical period o Narrow time frame in which bird needs to hear song to properly recreate the song. o Young bird reared in silence-> no song o Young bird reared with hited crowned sparrow song-> Normal song o Young bird reared with a song sparrow song->abnormal song • C. Mocking birds, parrots o Ultimate causation-> not understood o Sign of high intelligence |
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Cognition
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• a. definition: Recognition and manipulation of facts about the environment. The ability to form concepts and gain insights
• b. Experiments-observe novel associations or insights o i. Crows- • 51.10 in text • Food in bucket, need wire. • Tool use • Female could/male couldn’t • Female crows can use tools to solve problems. Female crowns can also make tools from unfamiliar materials to solve problems o ii. Rats • able to memorize pattern • Navigate • Behaviors are situational specific-rats used to similar patterns…ultimate causation |
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Communication: Defintion
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a behavior from one animal to another that modifies the behavior of another
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Communication....
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• b. signal—a behavior that can be ignored
• c. modes of communication o i. based on habitat- whales, wolves etc. o wales able to communicate through very vast distances. o Elephants can communicate through low freq. noises. • Below humans absolute threshold • d. deceit in communication- o i. angler fish-uses fake “lure” to attract prey o ii.fireflies- • males and females will flash certain patterns • a species that mimmicks the pattern of the female of another…then he eats that horny male. |
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What is said to the most complex animal behavior
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Migration
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Migration
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• long distance movement by a species during a change of season
o a. ex. Arctic tern- • 20,000 miles • monarch 1,800 miles o b. Navigation- • i. piloting movement by the use of land marks • ex; ducks using missisipi • ii. Compass orientation- • movement in a specific direction • ex: birds o use: magnetic fields, stars, the sun • iii. True navigation • Controversial hasn’t really been seen in animals |
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Carol Linnaes-1700's
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• Devise a class system
• Species were fixed, static, did not change etc. • Based largely upon phenotypes….not what we use as much anymore…more towards genotypes…. |
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La Marck 1809
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• 1. Evolution responded to a need
• 2. Passing on of acquired traits (not accurate) • 3.Giraffe example • overtime through many generations, through the animals stretching there neck the physical change was passed onto offspring o the idea here is that anything you can do to your body can be passed down to offspring…NOT TRUE! |
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1831-36 Beagle-Lyell’s Principles of Geology
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• Darwin was Hired as a naturalist
• Observations o Finches, mockingbirds etc. • Artificial selection- o Dog breeding |
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1844-wrote an essay on evolution by natural selection...
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Charles Darwin...didn't publish it b/c it was revolutionary..
.• 1858-1859 received a letter Alfred Wallace that correlated with Darwin theorized. o Darwin went ahead and published along with Wallace “Origin of Species” |
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One of darwin's arguements?
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• Darwin argued that if species are created why the useless traits?
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NATURAL SELECTION
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o 1. Physical process with no forethoughs
o 2. Acts on individuals o 3.Produces adaptive change in a population. (causes population to evolve) |
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Four factors that are evidence of evolution
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1.fossil record
2.Compartive biology-structural homology 3. Genetic Homology 4. Developmental homology |
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Fossil record examples
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• a.) Horse species
o change in teeth and hoof structure. In relation to the changes in diet. • b.) Whale(24.04) o terrestrial mammal to transtitional . o Changes in actual morphology |
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Why is developmental homology evidence for evolution?
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• If we grow up similar than we should see developmental homology
• Embryological development between different animals all very similar |
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Seven assumptions of hardy-weinberg
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• 1.Diploid organism
• 2. Sexual reproductions • 3.random mating • 4.Large population • 5.No mutation • 6.No migration • 7.No selection |
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Stabilizing natural selection
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Avg trait has high fitness.
ex: birthweight in babies |
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Directional n.s.
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extremes are favored
ex: beak length |
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Genetic drift
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-a random shuffling genes no selection, not adaptive.
-Fertilization->random genes - |
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Bottleneck effect
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large population become small population.
reduced genetic variation in following generations. |
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founder affect
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founder statrts a new population...
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