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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give 4 risk factors of a duodenal ulcer |
- male gender - smoking - stress - increased acid |
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Describe how food causes the release of HCl |
- food stimulates G cells to release gastrin - gastrin stimulates parietal cells to release HCl |
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How is acid production regulated (1) |
- acid acts in a negative feedback loop to reduce the production of gastrin from G cells |
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List three surgical treatements for a duodenal ulcer |
- vagotomy (one or more branches of the vagus nerve are cut - reduces rate of gastric secretion) - subtotal gastrectomy (removal of part of the stomach) - antrectomy (removal of the walls of an antrum of the stomach) |
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List 2 medical treatments of a duodenal ulcer |
- acid lowering drugs - H2 agonists and PPIs |
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How is H. pylori able to survive in the acidity of the stomach How is H. pylori associated with duodenal ulcers |
- produces an alkaline microenvironment: converts urease into ammonium bicarbonate (alkaline) - Excess acid secretion. H. pyllori lives in the wall near the glands. Over production of ammonia by the bacteria - which it needs to do to survive - causes the glands to release more acid |
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List three first line treatments for treating H.pylori |
- omeprazole - metronizadole - amoxycillin |
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List three second line treatments for treating H.pylori |
- omeprazole - clatrithromycin - amoxycillin |
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List three presentations of gastric cancer |
- anorexia - weight loss - anaemia |
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What percentage of gastric cancer is attributable to H. pylori |
- >95% - minority due to genetic predisposition |
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What percentage of people with H. pylori infection will have (1) no disease, (2) peptic ulcer disease and (3) gastric cancer |
(1) >80% (2) 5-15% (3) 1-3% |
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What are the 4 main stages of gastric cancer |
- H. pylori infection - superficial gastritis - atrophic gastritis and reduced of absent acid secretion (hypochlorhydria) - dysplasia and cancer |
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List 5 factors which can determine the progression and severity of gastric cancer |
- bacterial strain - genetics - male gender - smoking - diet |
