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180 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Adam Smith
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defended capitalism in the "Wealth of Nations"
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Boris Yeltsin
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1st elected president of Russia
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Camillo di Cavour
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prime minister of Sardinia; helped unify Italy
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Cardinal Richelieu
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moved against Huguenots and weakened nobles
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Catherine the Great
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Russian ruler, gained access to Black Sea
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Cecil Rhodes
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supporter of British imperialism in South Africa, controlled 90% of diamond industry
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Copernicus
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first proposed heliocentric theory and wrote "Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies'
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Czar Alexander I
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Russian representative at Congress of Vienna; part of Holy Alliance
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David Livingstone
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Scottish missionary went missing in Africa
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David Ricardo
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economist, believed wages would drop as population increased
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Dwight Eisenhower
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supreme commander of allied forces; led D-Day invasion
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Florence Nightingale
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organized battlefield nursing during Crimean War
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Francis Bacon
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developed scientific method
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Frederick the Great
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Prussian, believed ruler is like father
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Galileo
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proved heliocentric theory with telescope
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Ho Chi Minh
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led nationalist movement in Vietnam (communist)
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Isaac Newton
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breakthrough in theory of motion and gravity
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Ivan the Terrible
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organized a police force that murdered many
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Jeremy Bentham
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utilitarianism
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Jian Jishi
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leader of nationalist forces in China's Civil War
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John Locke
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natural rights; life, liberty, prosperity
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Karl Marx
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wrote "Communist Manifesto", later inspired Lenin
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Lech Walesa
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led fight against communism in Poland
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Louis Pasteur
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bacteria causes disease
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Louis XIV
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France's most powerful ruler; "I am the State"
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Maria Theresa
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Hapsburg ruler of Austria; fought with Prussia
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Marie Curie
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pioneer in the field of radioactivity
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Metternich
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most influential leader at Congress of Vienna
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Gorbachev
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introduced policies of Perestroika and glasnot in Soviet Union
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Montesquieu
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separation of powers
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Napoleon
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personal and highly centralized military command; set uniform laws, stabilized economy, public education system; exiled to islands of Elba and St. Helena
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Nicolai Ceausescu
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communist dictator of Romania
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Peter the Great
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built St. Peteresburg to make travel to west easier
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Pol Pot
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led Khmer Rouge in Cambodia
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Ram Mohun Roy
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tried to outlaw outdated traditional practiced in India (widow suicide)
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Rasputin
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mystical "healer" who influenced Romanov familty; didn't arrange Lenin's return from exile
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Rene Descartes
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wrote "Discourse on Method"; "I think, therefore I am"
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Richard Nixon
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first president to visit communist China
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Slobodan Milosevic
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leader of Serbia after breakup of Yugoslavia
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Thomas Hobbes
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strong government needed for control
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Thomas Jefferson
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wrote Declaration of Independence; influenced by Locke
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Voltaire
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philosopher who mocked government and religion; wrote Candide
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William and Mary
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came to throne as result of Glorious Revolution
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William Wilberforce
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worked to abolish slavery in British Empire
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Woodrow Wilson
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leader of US during WWI, pushed for Fourteen Points
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China's Civil War
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nationalists vs communists
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4 modernizations of China
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agriculture, defense, industry, and science/technology
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3rd World Countries
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developing nations
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Strategic Defense Initiative
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known as "Star Wars"; Ronald Regan
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non-aligned nations
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India and China
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Cultural Revolution
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purge China of Western influence
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Bay of Pigs
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failed attempts to overthrow Castro, led to Cuban Missile Crisis
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Berlin Blockade
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started when the western nations reunified their three zones
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NATO
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization; defense alliance of western nations
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Warsaw
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Soviet's answer to NATO
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Truman Doctrine
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purpose was to prevent spread of communism in Europe
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Iron Curtain
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describes the division of Europe into communist and noncommunist halves, term coined by Churchill
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Event that started WWII
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Germany invaded Poland; September 1, 1939
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Battle of Midway
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turned the tide of the war in the Pacific
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D-Day
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code name Operation Overlord; June 6, 1944
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Nuremburg Trials
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trials of war criminals fdrom Axis Powers
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Final Solution
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genocide of those considered inferior
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kamikaze pilots
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valued national honor more than individual life
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date of infamy
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December 7, 1941
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island hopping
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attack islands that were not well defended
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a-bomb and Truman
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bring war to quickest possible end
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US internment camps
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anyone of Japanese descent falsely labeled as enemies
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Battle of Leningrad
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more than 1 million residents died during the two-year siege
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Fourteenth Point
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established the League of Nations
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Battles on Western Front
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Marne, Somme, Verdun
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Battle of Marne
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Germany now had two fronts
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Spanish Civil War
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Francisco Franco leader of Spanish rebel troops
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Fascist Party in Germany
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aided by fears of communism
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time span between wars
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20 years
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Role of Churchill in 1930's
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warned of Hitler
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goals of US isolationists
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avoid ties to war
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Problems of the Weimar Republic after WWI
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Germans turned against it because the signed treaty of Versailles; high inflation, too many political parties, no democratic tradition
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reasons Jews were targeted
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they were used as scapegoats for all Germany's problems
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Munich Conference
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held to address Germany's interest in Czech; came to symbolize dangers of appeasement
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Great Depression
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soaring stock prices, uneven distribution of wealth, surplus of agricultural products
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Stock Market Crash
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stocks sold for more than they were worth
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Wilson's 14 Points
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Great Britain and France wanted to punish Germany and increase security; they showed little acceptance
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armistice
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November 11, 1918
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fascism
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strong nationalism
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appeasement
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British and French giving in to keep peace
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Schlieffen Plan
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Germany's plan to conquer France first, it was prevented by the First Battle of the Marne
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link between imperialism and militarism
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as you gain colonies, military increased to protect the colonies
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Triple Alliance and Triple Entente
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Bismark feared France's army and Britain feared Germany's empire
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purpose of trench warefare
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to protect soldiers from gunfire
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Powder Keg of Europe
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the Balkans
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League of Nations
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US stayed out
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Bolsheviks
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signed truce with Germany, distributed land to peasants, factory control returned to workers
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Lenin's slogan
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peace, bread, land
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"Bloody Sunday"
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led to a wave of strikes and violence across Russia in 1905
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5 Year Plan
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Stalin, rapid industrial growth, strong defense, modernize Soviet state
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pogroms
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organized violence towards Jews during reign of Alexanger III
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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
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allowed Germany to focus efforts on the western front
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Industrial Revolution
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began in England; due to the large emigration from rural areas, population grew faster than housing; caused widespread sickness SHORTENING lifespans
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factors of production
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land, labor, and capital
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Factory Act of 1833
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outlawed children under 9 working in textile industry
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Suez Canal
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Egypt could not pay foreign debts and lost control to Britain
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scientific method
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observation, questions, hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion
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American colonists
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supported by Enlightened thinkers
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Stamp Act
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caused American colonist to protect British manufactured goods
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"Jewel of the Crown"
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India
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Crimean War
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Russia wanted land on the Black Sea; Russia lost; fought France and Britain; geopolitics; Treaty of Paris ended the war
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Battle of Trafalgar
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Napoleon is forced to give up plans to invade Britain; Nelson divided the French fleet
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Battle of Waterloo
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Napoleon's final defeat
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Continental System
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Napoleon's plan to block trade with Britain; Britain responds with its own blockade
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Reign of Terror
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imposed by the Committee of Public Safety
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Congress of Vienna
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established balance of power in Europe
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Declaration of the Right of Man
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stated the goals of the revolutionaries during the French Revolution
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Slogan of French Revolution
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liberty, equality, fraternity
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bourgeoisie
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educated members of the third estate; embraced the ideals of the Enlightenment
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Petition of Right
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Charles I promised not to levy taxes without consent of Parliament
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estates
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1st clergy, 2nd nobility, 3rd everyone else
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Universal Law of Gravitation
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every object in the universe attracks every other object in the universe
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Divine Right
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used to support absolute rule
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English Civil War
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removed Charles I from the throne
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Restoration
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English monarchy was restored with Charles II
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War of Spanish Succession
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Louis XIV grandson was made heir to Spanish throne
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Thirty Years War
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resulted in increased power for France, weakening Spain and Austria
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English Bill of Rights
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made clear the limits of royal power
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Edict of Nantes
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brought an end to religious conflicts in France
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Peter the Grat
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built St. Petersburg forced nobles to change dress, built navy
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appeasement
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the making of consesstions to an aggressor in order to avoid war
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armistice
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an agreement to stop fighting
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assimilation
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a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt the institutions and customs
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Axis Powers
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in WWII, the nations of Germany, Italy, and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936
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Baroque
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grand, ornate style, that characterized European painting, music, and architecture in the 1600s and late 1700s
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Berlin Conference
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a meeting at which representatives of European nations agreed upon rules for the European colonization of Africa
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blitzkrieg
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lightning war
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Boyars
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landowning nobles of Russia
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Boxer Rebellion
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1900 rebellion in China, aimed at ending foreign influence in the country
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communism
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economics system in which all mean of production are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared
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demilitarization
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a reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons
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détente
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a policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon
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Domino Theory
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the idea that is a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also
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émigrés
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people who leave their native country for political reasons, like the nobles and others who fled France during the peasant uprisings of the French Revolution
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Enlightenment
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18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of society
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entrepreneur
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a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business
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Estates General
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an assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social, classes, in France
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existentialism
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a philosophy cased on the idea that people give meaning to their lives through their choices and actions
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fascism
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a political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule
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Great Fear
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a wave of senseless panic that spread through the French countryside after the storming of the Bastlle on 1789
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Great Purge
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a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist party members and ither citizens who threatened his power
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intendants
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French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice
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impressionism
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a movement in the 19th century painting in which artist reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or movements in time
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Khmer Rouge
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a group of communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975
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Kristallnacht
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"Night of Broken Glass"
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laissez-faire
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the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses
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legitimacy
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the hereditary right if a monarch to rule
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lycee
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a government-run public school in France
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martial law
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a temporary rule by military authorities over a civilian populations, usually imposed in times of war or civil unrest
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mercantilism
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an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more than they bought
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Nazi-Soviet nonaggression pact
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an agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another
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paternalism
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policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights
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Perestroika
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a restructuring of the Soviet economy to permit more local decision-making, began with Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985
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Plebiscite
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a direct vote in which a country's people have to opportunity to approve or reject a proposal
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propaganga
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information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent's cause
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realism
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19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be
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romanticism
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an early 19th century movement in art and though, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society
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salon
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a social gathering of intellectuals and artists, like those held in the homes of wealthy women in Paris and other European cities during the Enlightenment
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self-determinism
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the freedom of a people to decide under what for of government hey wish to live
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skepticism
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a philosphy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain
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socialism
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an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operated for the welfare of all
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sphere of influence
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a foreign region in which a nations has control over trade and other economic activities
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Third Reich
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theird German Empire, established by Adolph Hitler in the 1930s
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utilitarianism
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the theory, proposed by Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people
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St Petersburg
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built to gain easier access to west
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absolute rulers
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gained power because of religious and territorial conflicts
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Versailles
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showed power of Louis XIV
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intendants
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officials gived positions directly from the king to represent his will
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enlightenment
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promoted a belief in progress, faith in science, and a belief in reason and rationality
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American colonist
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assisted by supporters of the Enlightenment
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Tennis Court Oath
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oath taken by National Assembly
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Berlin conference
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Africa divided up by Europeans
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Boxers
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Chinese fighting against western influences
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paternalism
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provided for the colonists, but didn't give them rights
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lycees
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public schools set up by Napoleon
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