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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Wastewater is the same thing as |
Sewage |
Aguas Residuales |
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What does an operator do? |
The operator turns valves, pushes switches, collects samples, lubricates equipment, reads gauges, and records Data. |
El operador gira válvulas, interruptores empuja, recoge muestras, lubrica equipos, lee medidores y datos de registro. |
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Who employs treatment plant operators? |
City, sanitation district, Industries. |
Ciudades, Distrito de Saneamiento, Industrias. |
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How did many receiving waters become polluted? |
Receiving waters became polluted by a lack of public concern for the impact of waste discharges and by discharging wastewater into a receiving water beyond its natural purification capacity. |
aguas receptoras se contaminó por la falta de preocupación pública por el impacto de las descargas de desechos y por vertimiento de agua residual en una recepción de agua más allá de su capacidad de depuración natural. |
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Why must municipal and industrial wastewater receive adequate treatment? |
Municipal and Industrial wastewater must receive adequate treatment to protect receiving water users. |
Aguas residuales municipales e industriales debe recibir el tratamiento adecuado para proteger a la recepción de los usuarios del agua. |
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How does water pick up dissolved substances? |
Water pick up dissolved substances as it falls as rain, flows over land, and is used for domestic, Industrial, agricultural, and recreational purposes. |
Al caer en forma de lluvia, el agua va recogiendo las sustancias disueltas, fluye sobre la tierra, y es utilizada para usos domésticos, Industriales, Agrícolas y recreativos. |
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What are some of the dissolved substances in water? |
Some of the dissolved substances in water include hydrogen, oxygen, calcium, carbon, magnesium, sodium, chloride, sulfate, iron, nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic material. |
Entre las sustancias disueltas en el agua, se encuentran: el hidrógeno, oxígeno, calcio, carbono, magnesio, sodio, cloruro, hierro, nitrógeno, fósforo y materia orgánica. |
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Several of the following contain significant quantities of organic material. |
The following contain significant quantities of organic material: domestic wastewater, paper mill wastes, and tanning wastes. |
El agua residual doméstica, los de las fábricas de papel y los desechos de los procesos de curtido, contienen cantidades importantes de materia orgánica. |
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What causes oxygen depletion when organic wastes are discharged to the water? |
Organic waste in water provide food for the bacteria. These bacteria require oxygen to survive and consequently depleted the oxygen in the water in a way similar to the way oxygen is removed from air when people breathe. |
Los desechos orgánicos en el agua proporcionan alimentación a las bacterias. Estas bacterias necesitan oxígeno para poder sobrevivir y, por lo tanto, agotan el oxígeno del agua de una forma similar a como lo hacen los seres humanos, que sustraen el oxígeno del aire cuando respiran. |
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What kind of bacteria cause hydrogen sulfide gas to be released? |
Hydrogen sulfide gas is produced by anaerobic bacteria. |
Las bacterias anaerobicas producen gas de sulfuro de hidrógeno. |
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Where do the disease-causing bacteria in wastewater come from? |
Disease-causing bacteria in wastewater come from the body wastes of humans who have a disease. |
Las bacterias que causan enfermedades, que se encuentran en las aguas residuales, provienen de los desechos corporales de seres humanos enfermos. |
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What is the term that means "disease-causing"? |
Pathogenic means disease-causing. |
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What is the most frequently used means of disinfecting treated wastewater? |
Chlorination is the most frequently used means of disinfecting treated wastewater. |
La clonación es el método utilizado con mayor frecuencia para desinfectar las aguas residuales tratadas. |
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Total solids consist of ------and------solids, both of which contain organic and inorganic matter. |
Total solids consist of DISSOLVED and SUSPENDED solids, both of which contain organic and inorganic matter. |
Los sólidos totales están compuestos por sólidos DISUELTOS y sólidos SUSPENDIDOS. Ambos contienen organismos orgánicos e inorganicos. |
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Why is it necessary to measure settleable solids? |
Settleable solids must be measured to determine the efficiency of settling basins. This amount must also be know to calculate loads on setting basins, sludge pumps, and sludge handling facilities for design and operational purposes. (You should have recognized the need to know the efficiency of settling basins.) |
Los sólidos sedimentables deben ser medidos para poder determinar la eficiencia de los tanques de sedimentación. También es necesario conocer este valor para poder calcular las cargas que se usarán en el desdeñó y la operación de los tanques de sedimentación, las bombas de los lodos y las instalaciones para el manejo de los lodos. |
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An Imhoff cone is used to measure -------solids. |
An Imhoff cone is used to measure SETTLEABLE solids. |
Se utiliza un cono Imhoff para medir los Sólidos SEDIMENTABLES. |
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Why should an operator have an understanding of natural cycles? |
Operator need an understanding of natural cycles in order to control wastewater treatment processes and odors and also to protect receiving waters. |
Los operadores necesitan tener una idea de cómo funcionan los ciclos naturales, para así poder controlar los procesos de tratamiento de aguas residuales y los olores, así como también proteger las aguas receptoras. |
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What does NPDES stand for? |
NPDES stands for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. |
NPDES significa Nacional de Eliminación de Descargas de Contaminantes de sistema. |
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Why should the operator be familiar with the wastewater collection and transportation network? |
The operator should be familiar with the wastewater collection and transportation network. By knowing the origin of wastes reaching the plant, the time it takes, and how the wastes are transported (flow by gravity or by gravity and pumping), the operator will be able to spot troubles and take corrective action. |
El operador debe de conocer el origen de los residuos que llegan hasta la planta, el periodo de tiempo que necesitan para llegar, y como son transportados estos residuos (flujo por gravedad y bombeo.) Este conocimiento le ayudará a reconocer los problemas y tomar acciones correctivas. |
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What problems may occur when it takes a long time for wastewater to flow through the collection sewers to the treatment plant? |
Hydrogen sulfide gas may be released by anaerobic bacteria feeding on the wastes. This can cause odor problems, damage concrete in the plant, and make the wastes more difficult to treat. (Solids will not settle easily |
Cuando el periodo de tiempo que necesita el caudal para llegar a la planta es muy largo, es posible que se produzca gas de sulfuro de hidrógeno, el cual ocasionará daño por corrosión del concreto en el sistema de transportación y en la planta. Asimismo, se presentarán olores desagradables y sólidos difíciles de sedimentar. |
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List three types of sewers. |
Three types of sewers are sanitary, storm, and combined sewers. |
Los tres tipos de alcantarillado son sanitario, pluvial, y alcantarillado combinado. |
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Why are combined sewers a problem? |
In a system using combined sewers, flows sometimes may become overloaded during storms due to inadequate capacity. This could allow partially treated wastes to be discharged into receiving waters as a result of at tempting to treat extreme hydraulic (flow) overloads. |
En un sistema que utiliza alcantarillados combinados, el caudal algunas veces se sobrecarga durante una tormenta debido a que la planta no cuenta con la capacidad necesaria para manejar el caudal adicional de agua producida por la tormenta. |
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Why is grit removed early in the treatment process? |
Grit should be removed early in the treatment process because it is abrasive and will rapidly wear out pumps and other equipment. |
Al inicio del proceso de tratamiento se debe de eliminar la arenilla debido que es abrasiva y puede ocasionar el desgaste de las bombas y demás equipos. |
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What is usually done with grit that has been removed from the wastewater? |
Grit removed from the wastewater is usually buried to avoid nuisance conditions. |
La arenilla es eliminada de las aguas residuales generalmente es enterrada para evitar que ocasione perjuicios. |
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Why is a Parshall flume widely used for measuring wastewater flow? |
Parshall flumes are widely used for measuring wastewater flow because their smooth constriction does not offer any protruding sharp edges or areas where wastewater particles may catch or collect behind the metering device. |
Las canaletas de Parshall son utilizadas para medir el caudal de las aguas residuales debido a que no tienen obstrucciones. |
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What are the disadvantages of using weirs to measure influent flows at the head end of the plant? |
When weirs are used to measure influent flows at the head end of the plant, organic solids may settle out in this area. When this occurs, odors and unsightliness can result. Also, as the solids accumulate, the flow reading may become incorrect. |
Los vertederos no se utilizan frecuentemente para medir el caudal del afluente porque los sólidos se pueden acumular detrás del vertedero ocasionando malos olores y mediciones de caudal poco precisas del caudal. |
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What is the purpose of flights or plows in a clarifier? |
Flights in rectangular tanks move scum along the surface to a scum trough and push sludge along the bottom to a hopper for removal to the sludge handling facility. Plows scrape sludge along the bottom of circular tanks to a hopper for removal. |
Los travesaños en los tanques rectangulares mueven a la capa de la nata por la superficie hasta llegar a un canal para capa de nata y empujar los lodos a través del fondo hasta una tolva para su remoción hasta una instalación para el tratamiento de lodos. Las rastras raspan los lodos a lo largo del fondo de los tanques circulares hasta una tolva donde son eliminados. |
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What happens to the sludge and scum collected in a primary clarifier |
Sludge and scum are usually pumped to sludge handling facilities such as digesters. |
Los lodos y la capa de nata generalmente son bombeados hasta instalaciones para el tratamiento de lodos tales como los digestores |
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Would it be a good idea to use trickling media of various sizes so it could pack together better? |
No, using trickling filter media of various sizes is not a good idea. A trickling filter media size should be selected so that the media does not pack together. If the media were packed together, air could not circulate and the organisms on the media would not get enough oxygen. |
No, si el medio estuviese apiñado, no permitiría la circulación del aire por lo que los organismos que se encuentran sobre el medio no obtendrían suficiente oxígeno. |
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Why is a secondary clarifier needed after a trickling filter, rotating biological contractor, or aeration tank? |
A secondary clarifier is needed after a trickling filter, rotating biological contactor, or aeration tank to allow organisms in treated wastewater to be removed by settling. |
Se necesita de un clarificador secundario después de un filtro percolador, un contactor biológico giratorio o un tanque de aireación para permitir la remoción de los organismos que se encuentran en las aguas residuales tratadas. |
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Activated sludge can be pumped from the secondary clarifier to---------or--------------. |
Activated sludge can be pumped from the secondary clarifier to either the primary clarifier or waste sludge handling facilities. |
Los lodos activados purgados pueden ser bombeados desde un clarificador secundario hasta un clarificador primario o hasta instalaciones para el tratamiento de lodos purgados. |
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What two basic types of bacteria are present in an anaerobic digester? |
The two types of bacteria in an anaerobic digester are: (1) a group that eats organic sludge to form organic acids and carbon dioxide gas(acid formers); and (2) a group that breaks down the organic acids into simpler compounds and forms methane and carbon dioxide gas (gas formers). |
Los dos tipos de bacterias que se encuentran en un digestor anaerobico son: (1) un grupo que se alimenta de lodos orgánicos para conformar ácidos orgánicos y gas bióxido de carbono ( creadores de ácidos); y (2) un grupo que descompone los ácidos orgánicos en compuestos mas sencillos, creando gas metano y dióxido de carbono (creadores de gases) |
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Why are digesters mixed? |
Digesters are mixed to bring food and organisms together, provide a uniform temperature, and prevent the formation of a scum blanket. |
Los digestores son mezclados para unir el alimento con los organismos, proporcionar una temperatura uniforme y evita la formación de una capa de nata. |
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List some of the ways to dewater and dispose of digested sludge. |
Digesters sludge may be dewatered by using sludge (or sand) drying beds, lagoons centrifuges, vacuum filters, or filters presses. Ultimately, the dried sludge may be used as a soil conditioner or it may be buried. |
Los lodos digeridos pueden ser deshidratados utilizando lechos de arena para secado, lagunas centrifugadas, filtros al vacío y filtros de prensa. Finalmente, los lodos secos pueden ser utilizados como acondicionador para la tierra o pueden ser enterrados. |
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How are ponds similar to the following? |
Ponds are similar to primary clarifiers, anaerobic digesters, and trickling filters or aeration tanks in the following ways. When wastewater is discharged to a pond, the settleable solids fall to the bottom just as they do in a primary clarifier. The solids begin to decompose and soon use up all the dissolved oxygen in the nearby water. A population of anaerobic bacteria then continues the decomposition, much the same as in an anaerobic digester. Aerobic bacteria, algae, and other microorganism feed on the dissolved solids in the upper layer of the pond similar to the way they do in a trickling filter or aeration tank. |
Una Laguna facultativa actúa como un clarificador permitiendo que los sólidos se sedimenten en el fondo, igual como lo hace un digestor, debido a que los sólidos que se encuentran en el fondo son descompuestos por bacterias anaerobicas, y al igual que en un tanque de aireación, debido a la acción de las bacterias aerobicas en la capa superior de la laguna. |
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List as many advanced waste treatment methods as you can remember. |
Advanced methods of waste treatment include coagulation-sedimentation (used in water treatment plants), membranes, filtration, adsorption, and electrodialysis. Other osmosis, chemical oxidation, and the use of polymers. |
Si, cuando las Lagunas residuales procedentes de una planta de tratamiento secundario fueron coaguladas por medio de alumbre o cal y sedimentas en un clarificador, esto se consideraría como un método avanzado de tratamiento de residuos. |
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Does disinfection usually kill all organisms in the plant effluent? |
No, disinfection is designed to kill or inactivate pathogenic organisms; sterilization kills all organisms in wastewater. |
No, la desinfección ha sido diseñada para destruir o inactivar los organismos patogenos: la esterilización mata todos los organismos que se encuentran en las aguas residuales. |
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Which would provide better chlorine contact, a 10,000 gallon cubical tank or a length of 10-inch pipe flowing full and containing the same volume as the cubical tank? |
The pipe would provide better chlorine contact because water cannot short-circuit (take a short route) through a pipe, while it might not move evenly through a tank and thus some of the water would have a shorter contact time. |
El turbo proporcionará un mejor contacto con el cloro debido a que el agua no puede ocasionar un corto circuito (tomar una ruta más corta) a través de un tubo, mientras que no podría fluir de manera uniforme a través de un tanque, por lo que alguna porción de agua tendría un tiempo más limitado de contacto. |
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The wastewater treatment and pollution control industry has higher accident rate than most other industries reporting to the National safety Council. |
True. The wastewater treatment and pollution control industry has a higher accident rate than most other industries reporting to the National Safety Council. |
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Electrical power must always be shut off before working on equipment. |
True. Electrical power must always be shut off before working on equipment. |
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Operators must wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or going home. |
True. Operators must wash their hands thoroughly before eating, smoking, or going home. |
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Which of the following items may be found in a treatment plant influent? |
Can, toys, rubber goods, pieces of scrap, metal, rocks, bricks, plastic lids, caps from toothpaste tubes, towels, sand and pieces of wood may all be found in treatment plant influent. |
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Why should coarse debris (rocks, boards, metal) be removed at the plant entrance or headworks? |
Coarse debris must be removed at the plant entrance to prevent damage to pumps, plugging of pipes, and filling of digesters. |
Los residuos grandes deben ser removidos a la entrada de la planta para impedir daños a las bombas, obstrucciónes en la tubería y en los digestores. |
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What items of equipment are used to remove rocks, pieces of wood, metal, and rags from wastewater? |
Large pieces of material, such as rocks, boards metal, and rags, are removed by racks, screens, communities, and grit removal devices. |
Los pedazos grandes de material, como rocas tablas, metal y trapos son removidos por las rejillas de tamizado fino y grueso, los trituradores y los aparatos para la remoción de arena. |
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What safety precautions should be take when cleaning bar screen? |
When cleaning a bar screen, check to make sure that your footing will be secure by removing any slippery substances such as water and grease. Be certain there is adequate space to safety lift the screenings and that there is a receptacle for the screenings (debris). |
Al estar limpiando la rejilla de barras, deberá asegurarse de que está parado sobre una superficie segura, removiendo cualquier sustancia resbalosa como agua o grasa. Asegúrese de que haya un espacio adecuado para sacar la cernidura sin peligro y que haya un recipiente donde colocar la cernidura (residuos). |
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What should be done first if a problem develops in a mechanically cleaned screen? |
Visually identify what appears to be the cause of the problem, . Shut off the machine if you must work on the equipment. Any moving equipment for is hazardous, regardless of its speed. |
Identifique visualmente lo que parezca ser la causa del problema, a continuación apague la maquinaria en caso de que se necesite reparar el equipo. Cualquier equipo en movimiento es peligroso, sin importar su velocidad. |
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How can screening be disposed of? |
Screening may be disposed of by covering them with a minimum of 6 inches (15 cm) of earth or by incineration. |
La cernidura puede ser eliminada, cubriéndola con un mínimo de 15 centímetros de tierra o incinerandola. |
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How are comminution units different form bar racks and bar screens? |
Bar racks and screens remove debris form the wastewater while comminution units grid up debris and leave it in the wastewater. |
Las rejillas de tamizado fino y grueso remueven los residuos de las aguas residuales, mientras que las unidades trituradoras muelen los desechos, dejándolos dentro de las aguas residuales. |
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What are the advantages of comminuting machines over screens? |
The advantages of comminuting machines over screens include the elimination of screenings disposal, flies, and odor problems. A disadvantage is that plastic and wood may be rejected and must be removed manually. |
Las ventajas de las maquinas trituradoras sobre las rejillas incluyen no tener que eliminar la cernidura, así como la eliminación de los problemas ocasionados por las moscas y los olores desagradables. Una desventaja es que el plástico y la madera son rechazados y deberán ser removidos manualmente. |
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What has replaced Mercury seals in comminutors? |
Mechanical Seals have replaced Mercury seals in comminutors. |
Los sellos mecánicos han remplazado a los sellos de mercurio dentro de los trituradores. |
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Why is it hazardous to handle Mercury? |
Mercury must be handled with caution at all time because it is poisonous and breathing the fumes may be fatal or cause loss of hair and teeth. |
El mercurio debe ser tratado con mucha precaución, ya que es venenoso y la inhalación de las emanaciones puede ser mortal u ocasionar la caída del cabello y la pérdida de los dientes. |
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Grit is composed mostly of the following substances? |
Grit is composed of heavy material such as sand and eggshells that will settle in the grit chamber at proper flow velocities. |
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Grit is composed mostly of the following substances? |
Grit is composed of heavy material such as sand and eggshells that will settle in the grit chamber at proper flow velocities. |
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Why bother to remove grit? |
Grit must be removed to prevent wear in pumps, plugged lines, and the occupation of valuable space in digesters. |
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How can you control the velocity in a grit Chanel in order to maintain velocity within a rage of approximately 0.7 to 1.4 ft/sec? |
The flow velocity in a grit Channel can be controlled by:
1.Varying the number of channel in service in a multiple-channel installation 2.Use of proportional weirs. 3.Using bricks or cinder blocks to change the cross sectional shape or area of the grit channels. How ever, this can use cleaning, maintenance, and operational problems. You have the right idea if your answer includes possible adjustments of the cross-sectional area of the flow channel. |
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A stick travel 20 feet in 40 seconds in a grit channel.
A.-what is the velocity in the channel? B.-what corrective action should be taken, if any? |
A.-The velocity of stick that travels 20 feet in 40 seconds in a grit channel is 0.5 ft/sec.
B.-Increase velocity to keep lighter organic solids moving. |
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List the safety hazards that might be encountered while manually Cleaning a grit channel. |
Slipping or a back injury are hazards that might be encountered when manually cleaning a grit channel. Also, beware of dangerous gases when working in a covered grit channel. There have been instances of gasoline or similar material leaking into the sewer and creating a potentially explosive hazard. |
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What is the purpose of a cyclone grit separator? |
The purpose of a cyclone grit separator is to separate grit from organic material and wastewater. |
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List the possible safety hazards an operator may encounter when working around a cyclone grit separator. |
Safety hazards an operator may encounter when working around a cyclone grit separator include: 1.-Electrical hazards 2.-Slowly moving screw conveyors and other equipment 3.-Lifting heavy parts or materials 4.-Slippery surfaces |
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Why is it necessary or desirable to wash grit? |
Grit washed to remove organic material before disposal. If the organic matter is not removed, then odors could develop. If used as fill material, the full could settle when the organics decompose. |
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List the maintenance steps for a grit washer. |
Maintenance for a grit washer consists of: 1.-Inspecting the facility for corrosion damage. 2.-Examining moving parts for wear. 3.-Repairing or replacing any worn or corroded parts. 4.-Painting any parts that could corrode. 5.-Oiling and greasing equipment in accordance with the plant O & M manual and the manufacturer's instructions. |
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What kinds of problems can be created for the operator when screens or comminutors are overloaded or bypassed? |
1.- Sticks and rags can foul the raw sludge pumps for the primary clarifiers. 2.-Debris can plug the orifices in trickling filter distributors. 3.-Debris can interfere with air diffusers in the aeration tanks of activated sludge plants. 4.-Floating debris can appear in the chlorine contact basin and leave the plant in the final effluent. 5.- Solids can plug return sludge pumps and flow meters in activated sludge plants. |
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What items would you check when reviewing the plans and specifications for racks and screens? |
1.-Room for a rake when removing screenings and space so the rake handle will not hit any buildings, overhead wires, light posts, or overhead lights. 2.-Provision for a good standing place that will not become slippery. 3.-Some place to drain and store the screenings. 4.-Need for a screw press to dewater screenings 5.-A disposal site for the screenings 6.-Sufficient number of channels and capacity of racks and screens and provision to handle peak storm flows 7.-A sufficient number of standby units 8.-Adherence to the Operation and Maintenance (O & M) requirements of the facilities 9.-A hoist to remove screenings, if necessary 10.-Dock facility for loading containers of screenings on a truck for disposal 11.-Adequate water under sufficient pressure for hosing down machinery and area 12.-Sufficient spare parts in accordance with manufacturers recommendations. |
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What is the main difference between the sludge from primary and secondary clarifier? |
The main difference between the sludge from primary and secondary clarifiers is that primary sludge is usually ally denser than secondary sludge. |
La principal diferencia entre los lodos de los clarificadores primarios y secundarios es que los lodos primarios son generalmente son más densos que los lodos secundarios. |
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What is main difference between the effluent from primary and secondary clarifiers? |
The main difference between the effluent from primary and secondary clarifier is normally clearer than primary effluent. |
La principal diferencia entre el efluente de los clarificadores primarios y secundarios es que él efluente de un clarificador secundario normalmente es más trasparente que un efluente primario. |
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List the significant items to check before start-up of a circular clarifier? |
1.-Control gates for operation 2.-Clarifier tank for sand and debris 3.-Collector drive mechanism for lubrication, oil level, drive alignment, and complete assembly 4.-Gaskets, gears, drive chain sprockets, and drive motor for proper installation and rotation 5.-squeegee blades on the collector plows for proper distance from the floor of the tank 6.-All other mechanical items below the waterline for proper installation and operation 7.-Tank sumps or hoppers and return lines for debris and obstructions 8.-Tank structure for corrosion, cracks, and other indications of structural failure. |
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What safety precautions should be taken during startup of clarifier? |
1.-Wear a hard hat when down in the tank for protection from falling objects 2.-Keep hands away from moving equipment. 3.-When working on equipment, be sure to tag and use a lockout device on the main circuit breaker and influent control gates to prevent equipment from starting unexpectedly and causing equipment damage or personal injury. |
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What happens when the flights in a rectangular clarifier are not straight across the tank? |
The sludge will be piled higher on the trailing side or the flights will hang up and cause severe damage to the flights. |
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Describe a good operational strategy for a clarifier. |
The best operational strategy for a clarifier is to develop and implement a good preventive maintenance program, to closely monitor operating conditions, and to respond to any lab results that indicate problems are developing. |
La mejor estrategia operacional para un clarificador es el desarrollar e implementar un buen programa de mantenimiento preventivo, para poder monitorear cuidadosamente las condiciones de operación y responder a cualquier análisis de laboratorio que indique que se están desarrollando problemas. |
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What tipe the abnormal conditions could affect clarifier performance? |
1.-Toxic waste from industrial spills or dumps 2.-Storm flows and hydraulic overloads 3.-Septicity from collection system problems. |
1,-Desechos tóxicos procedentes de derrames o descargas industriales. 2.-Flujos de temporal y sobrecargas industriales. 3.-Septicisad resultante de problemas en el sistema de recolección. |
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What steps could be taken to improve clarifier effluent quality when excessive storm flow infiltration is a frequent problem. |
Steps that could be take to improve clarifier effluent quality when excessive storm floe infiltration is a frequent problem are sealing of the sanitary sewers or use of a flow equalization basin. |
Algunos pasos que se deben tomar para mejorar la calidad del efluente del clarificador cuando la información es un problema frecuente, son: el sellado del drenaje sanitario y la utilización de un tanque regulador de flujo. |
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List the basic laboratory test used to determine clarifier efficiency. |
The basic laboratory test used to determine clarifier efficiency are dissolved oxygen (DO), Settleable solids, pH, temperature, BOD, suspended solids, chlorine residual (if needed), and coliform group bacteria (if needed) |
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At what to points should samples be collected for measuring clarifier efficiency? |
To measure clarifier efficiency, sample the influent and effluent of the clarifier. |
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At what to points should samples be collected for measuring clarifier efficiency? |
To measure clarifier efficiency, sample the influent and effluent of the clarifier. |
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About what percentage of Settleable solids should you expect to be removed by your clarifier? |
A clarifier should be able to remove 95 to 99 percent of settleable solids. |
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How often should sludge be removed from a clarifier? |
Removed sludge from a clarifier often enough to prevent septic conditions or sludge gasification. The proper interval is dependent on many conditions and may vary from thirty minutes to eight hours, and as much as twenty-four hours in a few instances. Experience will dictate the proper frequency of removal. |
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How can you tell when to stop pumping sludge? |
Stop pumping sludge when it becomes thin. Thin sludge can be detected by the sound of the sludge pump, differences in sludge pumping pressure gauge Reading, visual observation of a small quantity (gallon or less) and through a sight glass in the sludge line while the sludge is being pumped. |
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How can floating material (scum) be kept from the clarifier effluent? |
Floating material (scum) can be kept from the clarifier effluent by the following methods. To collect scum, a baffle is generally provided at some location in the tank. Primary clarifier often have a scum collection area where the scum skimmed off by some mechanical methods are not provided, hand tools may be used, such as a skimming dipper attached to a broom handle. |
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What is "Short-circuiting" in a clarifier? |
Short-circuiting occurs in a clarifier when the flow is not uniform throughout the tank. In this situation, the water flows too rapidly in one or more sections of the clarifier to allow sufficient time for settling to occur. |
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Why is "Short-circuiting" undesirable? |
Short-circuiting is undesirable because where the velocity is to high, particles will not have time to settle. Where the velocity is to low, undesirable septic conditions may develop. |
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Why are secondary clarifiers needed in secondary treatment plants? |
The reason for having a secondary clarifier is that the biological treatment processes following the primary clarifier convert more solids to the settleable form and also produced floc containing microorganisms that have to be removed from the treated wastewater. Because of the need to remove these additional solids, the secondary clarifier is considered part of these other types of processes. |
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What usually is done with the sludge that collects (settle out) in secondary clarifiers (final settling tanks)? |
Sludge that is collected in secondary clarifiers (final settling tanks) is disposed of depending on the particular plant design and the characteristics of the sludge. Sometimes, disposal is accomplished by transferring the sludge to primary settling tank to be settled with primary sludge. Other times, it is transferred directly to the digestion system. |
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Would you place the flotation process BEFORE or AFTER primary sedimentation? |
The flotation process should be placed AFTER primary sedimentation. |
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Give a very brief description of: 1.- Colloids 2.-Emulsion |
COLLOIDS.- Very small, finely divided solids (particles that do not dissolved) that remain dispersed in a liquid for a long time due to their small size and electrical charge.
EMULSION.-A liquid mixture of two ore more liquid substances not normally dissolved in one another, but one liquid held in suspension in the other. |
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Why is the flotation process used in some wastewater treatment plants? |
The flotation process is used to remove colloids and emulsions. |
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Give a brief description of the vacuum flotation process. |
The vacuum flotation process consists of aerating the wastewater and creating a vacuum to pull out the air, which will carry the solids to the water surface. |
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