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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List 5 motor unit components
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LMN
Peripheral nerves Neuromuscular junction Skeletal muscle fibers Sensory nerves |
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Damage to these motor neurons causes:
Paresis or paralysis Rapid atrophy Altered sensation Diminished or absent spinal reflexes |
Lower motor neuron
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Unconscious response to stimulation, requiring a receptor, afferent neuron, efferent neuron, neuromuscular junction, and skeletal muscles.
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Spinal reflex
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True or false: Spinal reflexes do not require higher centers to be processed.
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True
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The triceps reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Radial nerve (C7-T1)
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The biceps reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Musculocutaneous (C6-C8)
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The extensor carpi radialis reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Radial (C7-T2)
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Describe a normal withdrawal response.
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Flexion of limb and conscious perception of pain
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The patellar reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Femoral (L4-S2)
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The cranial tibial reflex evaluates this nerve
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Peroneal branch of the sciatic nerve (L6-S2)
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The gastrocnemius reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Tibial branch of the sciatic nerve (L6-S2)
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The pelvic withdrawal reflex evaluates these nerves.
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Sciatic nerve
Cranial and caudal gluteal nerves |
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The perineal reflex evaluates this nerve.
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Pudendal nerve (S1-S3)
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How is the sciatic response evaluated?
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Percuss thumb in the sciatic notch. Normal response is jerk of entire limb.
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Grey matter of spinal cord contains these 2 components.
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LMN
Interneurons |
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White matter in the spinal cord contains these two components.
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Ascending sensory axons
Motor axons from upper motor neurons |
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Injury to these motor neurons causes:
Paresis or paralysis Disuse atrophy over time Altered sensation Exaggerated/abnormal spinal reflexes |
Upper motor neurons
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Injury to these motor neurons causes ataxia: Upper or lower?
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Upper motor neurons
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List two abnormal spinal reflexes.
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Babinski
Crossed extensor |
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This abnormal spinal reflex causes involuntary extension of one limb when the contralateral limb's digits are pinched.
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Crossed extensor
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In this abnormal spinal reflex, moderate pressure is applied to the plantar surface of the hock in a sweeping motion, and the digits extend.
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Babinski
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Localize this spinal cord injury:
-Rear limb paresis -Bilateral hypotonia in rear limbs -Diminished/absent spinal reflexes in rear limbs -No changes in thoracic limbs |
L4-S2
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Localize this spinal cord lesion:
-Rear limb weakness -Disuse atrophy of rear limbs -Exaggerated spinal reflexes in rear limbs -Absent panniculus response caudal to injury -No change in thoracic limbs |
T2-L4
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The panniculus reflex evaluates these nerves.
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Dorsal branches of each spinal nerve
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Localize this spinal cord lesion:
-Quadriparesis/quadriplegia -UMN signs in rear limbs -LMN signs in front limbs -Absent panniculus reflex -Horners syndrome |
C6-T2
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Why does Horner's syndrome appear when C6-T2 is injured?
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Sympathetic innervation to the face and eye emerges fromt he spinal cord at T1-T2 and travels up the vagosympathetic trunk.
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What is Horner's syndrome?
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Loss of sympathetic innervation to the eye, causing miosis, ptosis, and enopthalmus
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Localize this spinal cord lesion:
-Quadriparesis/quadriplegia -Some tone remaining in muscles -UMN signs in all four limbs -Potentially may affect respiratory muscles |
C1-C6
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This is the best test to differentiate between neurologic and orthopedic diseases.
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Postural reactions
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Do postural reactions evaluate upper or lower motor neurons?
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Both
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This postural reaction is less sensitive on the front limbs because the shoulder is engaged and allows the animal to "cheat."
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Conscious proprioception
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In this proprioceptive test, knuckle the foot over and observe how long it takes the animal to right itself.
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Conscious proprioception
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Intracranial lesions in these regions of the brain will create ipsilateral postural reaction deficits.
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Midbrain, pons, medulla
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Intracranial lesions in these regions of the brain will create contralateral postural reaction deficits
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Midbrain, diencephalon, cerebrum
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This structure in the brain extends from the caudal diencephalon to the medulla and recieves input from sensory systems, transmitting it on to other regions of the nervous system.
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Reticular formation
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Autonomic functions such as inspiration,expiration, normal breathing rhythm, heart rate, and blood pressure are controlled by this structure in the brain.
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Reticular formation
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This brain formation controls consciousness.
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Reticular formation
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Cranial nerve associated with the Telencephalon/cerebrum
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CN I
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Cranial nerve associated with the Diencephalon (thalamus/hypothalamus)
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CN II
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Cranial nerves associated with the Mesencephalon (midbrain)
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CN III and IV
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Cranial nerves associated with the metencephalon/pons and myelencephalon/medulla.
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CN V- XII
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After crossing the brain at the optic chiasm, visual signals synapse at this ganglion before going to the visual cortex.
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Lateral geniculate ganglion
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Explain the consensual pupilary light response.
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Not all visual fibers cross at the optic chiasm. Additionally, some of the efferent constriction signals cross over at the parasympathetic nucleus of III.
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Is pupillary constriction parasympathetic or sympathetic?
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Parasympathetic
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Is pupillary dilation parasympathetic or sympathetic?
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Sympathetic
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If an animal shows no pupillary response whatsoever when a light is shone in the left eye but normal bilateral response when light is shone in the right eye, the lesion is likely in the...
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L optic nerve
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An animal is non-visual in the left eye but has normal pupillary light reflexes in both eyes. The lesion is likely in the...
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R visual cortex
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If a patient has normal direct and consensual PLR on the right eye but no PLR activity in the left eye, there is likely a lesion...
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Left oculomotor nerve
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This reflex is tested by moving the head side to side and watching for eye movement or nystagmus.
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Oculocephalic reflex
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The oculocephalic reflex evaluates these nerves.
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CN III, IV, and VI
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If an animal has ptosis of the upper eyelid, ventrolateral strabismus, and a dilated pupil, this cranial nerve is affected.
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CN III
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If a cat has rotational deviation of the globe, which cranial nerve is affected?
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CN IV
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If an animal has ventromedial strabismus this cranial nerve is affected.
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CN VI
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This cranial nerve supplies sensation to the face
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CN V
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This cranial nerve is motor to muscles of facial expression and supplies sympathetic innervation to the lacrimal glands.
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CN VII
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This cranial nerve is motor to the muscles of mastication
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CN V
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An animal presents with ptosis of the upper eyelid, inability to close the eye, inability to retract the lip, loss of tear production, and a loss of taste to the rostral 2/3 of the tongue, all on the right side of the head. Which CN is likely affected?
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Right CN VII
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Nystagmus and strabismus are two hallmarks of problems with this cranial nerve.
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CN VIII
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Describe the positional strabismus typically seen with vestibular disease.
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Ventral deviation of the globe on affected side when the head is extended
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A dog presents with a head tilt, a consistent nystagmus, and Horner's syndrome on the R side. Postural reactions are normal. There is facial drooping on the right side. Classify the vestibular disease.
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Peripheral
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A dog presents with a right head tilt and a dynamic nystagmus that changes direction with position. Postural reactions are decreased on the R side, and the right side of the face is drooping and has diminished sensation. Classify the vestibular disease.
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Central
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The gag response evaluates these cranial nerves.
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CN IX, X, and XI
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Tongue movement evaluates this cranial nerve
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CN XII
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How does tongue deviation change with chronicity of a CN XII injury?
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Acutely deviates to normal side
Chronically atrophy occurs on affected side |
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Do cranial nerve deficits occur on the same side or opposite side from a CN injury? Why?
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Same side, because cranial nerves are lower motor neurons
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Gait deficits on R
Deficits in R CN V-XII Head tilt to R Altered consciousness Abnormal respiratory rate and heart rate Localize the brain injury |
R pons/medulla
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Goal directed tremor and ataxia are associated with injury to this brain region.
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Cerebellum
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Decerebrate rigidity (opisthotonus and rigidity of all 4 limbs) and abnormal PLR are associated with injury to this region of the brain.
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Midbrain
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Injury to this region of the brain may result in gait deficits either ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion, depending on the precise location of the lesion.
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Midbrain
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Injury to these regions of the brain result in behavioral changes, blindness, autonomic and endocrine dysfunction, and seizures.
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon
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With injury to the forebrain, will there be postural reaction deficits ipsilateral or contralateral to the lesion?
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Contralateral
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When an animal circles as the result of an intracranial injury, is the circling usually toward or away from the lesion?
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Toward
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Head tilt indicates that neurologic injury has occured in this region of the CNS.
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Intracranially
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Postural reactions can differentiate between neurologic and...... disease.
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Musculoskeletal
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