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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fibrous Joint |
A classification of structural joints; lack a joint cavity and held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue |
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Cartilaginous Joints |
A classification of structural joint; lacks a joint cavity and the bones are joined together by cartilage |
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Synovial Joint |
A classification of structural joint; has a fluid-filled joint cavity that separates the articulating surface of the bones and these articulating surfaces are enclosed within a capsule and supported by ligaments |
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Synarthroses |
A classification of functional joints; immovable joints |
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Amphiarthroses |
A classification of functional joints; which are slightly moveable |
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Diarthroses |
A classification of functional joints; freely moveable joints |
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Pseudoarthroses |
False joints that occur when a fractured long bone heals as two separate bones |
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There are 3 types of structural joints |
1 fibrous joints 2 cartilaginous joints 3 synovial joints |
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There are 3 types of functional joints |
1 synarthroses 2 amphiarthroses 3 diarthroses |
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3 types of fibrous joints |
1 Gomphoses—teeth 2 Sutures—some bones of the skull 3 Syndesmoses—between the radius and ulna, between tibia and fibula |
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2 types of cartilaginous joints |
1 synchondroses—epiphyseal growth plate, costochondral articulations 2 symphyses—pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints |
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6 types of synovial joints |
1 planar joints—intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, articulating point of vertebrae, sacroiliac joint 2 hinge joints—humeroulnar articulation, tibiofemoral, talocrural, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal 3 pivot joints—proximal radiounlar, atlantoaxial 4 condyloid joints— 5 saddle joints 6 ball-and-socket joints |
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6 types of synovial joints |
1 planar joints—intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, articulating point of vertebrae, sacroiliac joint 2 hinge joints—humeroulnar articulation, tibiofemoral, talocrural, interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal 3 pivot joints—proximal radiounlar, atlantoaxial 4 condyloid joints— 5 saddle joints 6 ball-and-socket joints |
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Aponeurosis |
A tendon that is a thin flattened sheet like the external oblique |
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Tendon |
At the ends of muscles, connective tissue, fibrous cord-like, attaches muscles to bones |
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Hypertrophy |
An increase in muscles fiber size |
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Muscle fibers |
Another name for a muscle cell, can be 100 micrometers (toe) in length or 35 centimeters (arm) |
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Properties of muscle tissue |
Excitability--it responds to electrical stimuli Conductivity--an electrical charge can travel along the cell membrane when it is excited Contractility--contraction moves bone or propels materials inside body Elasticity--muscle cell will recoil to its resting length when the applied tension is removed Extensibility--muscle cell is capable of extending in length in response to the contraction of opposing muscle cells (biceps contracted prohibits triceps) |
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Skeletal muscles |
Easily observed by the bulges they cause on the exterior of the body, move the bone as lever systems |
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Smooth muscle |
Propels materials through our internal tubes |
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Cardiac muscle |
Only found in the heart, used for pumping blood |
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Arthroscopy |
A surgery used to visualize, diagnose, and treat arthritis, uses an arthroscope (no open wounds), severe joint disease may require joint replacement with artificial prosthesis (knee replacements or hip replacements) |
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Osteoarthritis |
Also called "wear and tare," harms articular cartilage and bones, caused often by excessive or not enough exercise, Otzi had this condition |
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Intertarsal joints |
The articulations between the tarsal bones, diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joints |
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Metatarsophalangeal joints |
Articulations between matatarsals and the proximal phalanges of the toes; diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joints; allows for limited abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension |
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Interphalangeal joints |
Articulations between the phalanges of the toes; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joints; |
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Os Trigonum Syndrome |
Embryonically the body of the talus and the posterior talar process are separate ossification centers. between 7 and 13 it usually appears. Usually it fuses within a year, but 7% of adults have this os trigonum. This bone along with a traumatic event can cause the disease (like frequent downward pointing of the toes); example nutcracker injury; treatment may involve rest, icing, anti-inflammatory drugs, and immobilization, or surgery to remove the bone |
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Talocrural Joint |
Also ankle joint; 2 articulations 1) distal end of the tibia and the talus, 2) distal end of the fibula and the lateral aspect of the talus; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; |
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Articular Capsule |
covers the distal surfaces of the tibia, the medial malleolus, the lateral malleolus, and talus; |
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Ligaments supporting the ankle joint on the outside of the capsule |
Medial side--deltoid ligament Lateral side--anterior talofibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and calcaneofibular ligament |
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Deltoid ligament |
on the medial side of the ankle joint; extends from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the talus, calcaneus, and another tarsal bone |
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Anterior Talofibular Ligament |
On the lateral side of the ankle joint; passes anteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus |
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Posterior Talofibular Ligament |
On the lateral side of the ankle joint; passes posteriorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the talus; |
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Calcaneofibular Ligament |
On the lateral side of the ankle joint; runs inferiorly from the malleolus of the fibula to the calcaneus; |
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Most common type of ankle injury |
Inversion of the sole of the foot; results in partial or complete tear of the anterior talofibular ligament and and the calcaneofibular ligament |
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High ankle sprain |
Also called syndesmotic ankle sprain; disrupted the interosseous membrane; takes a long time to heal; treatment often involes screwing tibia and fibula together; |
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Allograft |
A procedure in which the harmed ACL is replaced with iliotibial tract tissue from another person or a cadaver; |
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Autograft |
A procudure in which the harmed ACL is replaced with a portion of the patient's own patellar ligament or portions of their own hamstring tendons; |
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Zenograft |
A procedure in which the harmed ACL is ;replaced with tissue from an animal; not common; usually results in immune rejection |
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Knee Joint |
largest and most complex; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; articulations 1) tibiofemoral joint between the condyles of the femur and the condyles of the tibia, 2) patellofemoral joint between the patella and the patellar surface of the anterior distal femur; |
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Knee joint articular capsule |
Encloses on the medial, lateral, and posterior regions of the knee joint; does not cover anterior surface of the knee joint (the quadriceps femoris muscle tendon does); |
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Patella |
Embedded in the patellar ligament; extends inferiorly from the patella and attaches on the tibial tuberosity; |
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Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL) |
reinforces the lateral surface of the knee joint; runs from the fibula and prevents the lower leg from moving too far medially relative to the thigh (hyperadduction or varus deviation) |
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Varus deviation |
The knee moves too far laterally; hyperadduction of the lower leg relative to the thigh; harms the LCL |
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Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL) |
Reinforces the medial surface of the knee joint; runs from the femur to the tibia; also attaches to the medial meniscus; prevents the lower leg from moving too far laterally relative to the thigh (hyperabduction); |
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Valgus deviation |
The knee moves too far medially harming the MCL; |
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Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) |
Stabilizing ligament on the front surface of the knee; extends form the lateral portion of the femur to the tibia; prevents the knee from collapsing inward (hyperextension and twisting); |
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Medial and Lateral meniscus |
Fibrocartilage pads; located deep to the articular capsule of the knee and within the joint itself; avascular; together form a donut shape |
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Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) |
One of the 2 cruciate ligaments in the knee; runs from the posterior femur to the anterior side of the tibia; when the knee is extended the ACL is pulled tight and prevents hyperextension; also prevents tibia from moving too far anteriorly of the femur |
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Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL) |
One of the 2 cruciate ligaments found in the knee; runs from the anteroinferior femur to the posterior side of the tibia; the PCL is tight on flexion; prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint |
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"Locking" of the knee |
Humans are bipedal animals (walk on 2 feet) and this is an important ability we have; the tibia rotates laterally so as to tighten the ACL and squeeze the meniscus between the tibia and femur; this allows us to stand erect without tiring the leg muscles |
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Coxal (hip) joint |
also known as the acetabulofemoral joint; diarthrotic, synovial, multi-axial, ball-and-socket joint; between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the os coxae; much stronger than the glenohumeral joint; this joint supports the weight of the body; allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction |
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Acetabular labrum |
Fibrocartilage which runs along the rim of the acetabulum |
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Articular capsule of the hip joint |
Is extremely strong and dense; extends from the acetabulum to the trochanters of the femur, enclosing both femoral head and neck; prevents the head from moving away from the acetabulum |
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Retinacular fibers |
The ligamentous fibers of the articular capsule; reflect around the neck of the femur and provide additional stability to the capsule; retinacular arteries travel through these fibers, they provide almost all the nutrients to the head of the femur |
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Ligamentum Teres |
A tiny ligament originating along the acetabulum and attaches at the center of the head of the femur; contains a small artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur; this term can be used in other locations |
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Sacroiliac joint |
Formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum ad the ilium; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, gliding (planar) joint only slightly movable; greater movement occurs during pregnancy and parturition |
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Metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints |
For fingers 2-5; diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joints |
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Thumb joint |
Also called pollex; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint |
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Interphalangeal (finge) joints |
Diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joints; |
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Dislocation of finger |
Usually occur on posteriorly because there are no ligamentous support; there is ligamentous support on the palmar (anterior) side, lateral side, and medial side of these joints |
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Luxation |
Dislocation |
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Subluxation |
partial dislocation; example: pull radius out of the annular ligament |
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Radiocarcap (wrist) articulation |
Also called the carpus; Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, condyloid joint, 3 or the 8 carpal bones interface with the distal articular surface of the radius; allows for flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction; a fibrocartilagious articular disc separates the relatively small head of the ulna from the radiocarpal joint (why the ulna isn't part of this joint); |
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Intercarpal articulations |
Movements in the carpus region; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joints; |
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Elbow Joint |
Also called the humeroulnar joint; diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; structurally a limited synovial ball and socket joint (radius and humerus); |
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Olecranon bursa |
Humeroulnar joint contains 1 articular capsule and bursa |
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Radial (lateral) Collateral Ligament |
On the lateral side of the humeroulnar joint; stabilizes the joint |
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Ulnar (medial) Collateral Ligament |
On the medial side of the humeroulnar joint; stabilizes the joint |
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Anular Ligament |
Surrounds the medial side of the radius and binds the proximal head of the radius to the ulna; helps to hold the head of the radius in place; |
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Injuries to the elbow joint |
Center of the trochlear notch may be broken when you fall no an outstretched hand; children may fracture their epiphyseal growth plate at the distal end of the humerus; Little League elbow |
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Little League elbow |
Occurs especially in young pitchers; When the head of the radius forcefully collides with the capitulum, damage can be done to the cartilage and the bone |
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Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint |
Diarthrotic, synovial, multiaxial, ball-and-socket joint; articulation of the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity of the scapula; greatest range of motion of any joint in the body; one of the most frequently dislocated (inferior anterior); |
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Glenoid labrum |
Fibrocartilage encircling and covering the surface of the glenoid cavity; deepens the concavity and stabilizes joint |
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Musculotendinous cuff |
Also called the rotator cuff; includes 4 muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis; tendons encircle the joint, except inferior portion (weak part) |
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Coracoacromial Ligament |
Extends across the space between the coracoid process and the acromion |
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Coracohumeral Ligament |
Is a thickening of the superior part of the joint capsule and it runs from the coracoid process to the humeral head |
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Glenohumeral Ligaments |
3 thickenings of the anterior portion of the articular capsule that may or may not be present and provide minimal support |
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Ligaments that support the glenohumeral joints |
Coracoacromial ligament, coracohumeral ligament, glenohumeral ligament, and tendon (along head of the biceps brachii) |
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Sternoclavicular joint |
Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, saddle joint; between the sternum and clavicle; contains an articular disc making 2 separate synovial joint cavities; motion: elevation, depression, and circumduction; |
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Dislocation of sternoclavicular joint |
Dislocation occurs usually when person falls on an outstretched hand; up an over manubrium |
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Acromioclavicular joint |
Diarthrotic, synovial, biaxial, planar (gliding) joint; between the acromion of the scapula and later end of the clavicle; contains a fibrocartilage articular disc |
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Coracoclavicular ligament |
Binds the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula; stabilizes the joint because it prevents the clavicle from losing contact with the acromion; A-C separation occurs when this ligament is torn |
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Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) |
Diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, hinge joint; |
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TMJ articular disc |
A thick pad of fibrocartilage separating the articulating bones and extending horizontally to divide the synovial cavity into 2 separate chambers; 1st between the temporal bone and the articular disc, 2nd between the articular disc and the mandible; makes a popping noise when moving out of place, can lock out of place |
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Motions of the TMJ |
Depression and elevation or the lower jaw (hinge joint); side-to-side lateral movements to grind food (gliding joint); protraction and retraction of the lower jaw (gliding joint) |
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Interverebral articulations |
2 types of articulations: 1) amphiarthrotic, cartilaginous, symphysis--between the intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies 2) diarthrotic, synovial, uniaxial, planar (gliding) joint--between the adjacent superior and inferior articular process |
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Ligamentum nuchae |
One of the ligaments that stabilizes the vertebral column; extends between C7 and the base of the skull |
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back injuries |
Occur to the L5/S1 disc; rupture of this disc may occur when more than 770 lbs of compressive force are applied to the disc |