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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Site of metabolism:
Fatty acid oxidation |
Mitochondria
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Site of metabolism: glycolysis
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Cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: heme synthesis
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Mitchondria and cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: fatty acid synthesis
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Cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: acetyl CoA production
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Mitchondria
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Site of metabolism: HMP shunt
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Cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: protein synthesis (RER)
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Cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: urea cycle
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Both cytoplasm and mitchondria
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Site of metabolism: gluconeogenesis
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Cytoplasm and mitchondria
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Site of metabolism: steroid synthesis
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Cytoplasm
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Site of metabolism: TCA cycle
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Mitchondria
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Site of metabolism: oxidative phosphorylation
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Mitchondria
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Rate determining enzyme: glycolysis
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Phosphofruktokinase-1
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Rate determining enzyme: gluconeogenesis
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Fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase
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Rate determining enzyme: TCA cycle
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Isocitrate dehydrogenase
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Rate determining enzyme: glycogen synthesis
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Glycogen synthase
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Rate determining enzyme: glycogenolysis
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Glycogen phosphorylase
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Rate determining enzyme: HMP shunt
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G6PD
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Rate determining enzyme: de novo pyrimidine synthesis
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
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Rate determining enzyme: De novo purine synthesis
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Glutamine PRPP amidotransferase
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Rate determining enzyme: urea cycle
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Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
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Rate determining enzyme: Fatty acid synthesis
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Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)
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Rate determining enzyme: Fatty acid oxidation
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Carnitine acyltransferase I
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Rate determining enzyme: ketogenesis
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HMG COA synthase
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Rate determining enzyme: cholesterol synthesis
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HMG CoA reductase
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Amnt of ATP produced/glucose :
(1) malate aspartate shuttle (heart and liver) (2) glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (muscle) (3) anaerobic glycolysis |
(1) malate aspartate shuttle (heart and liver): 32
(2) glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle (muscle): 30 (3) anaerobic glycolysis: 2 NET |
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Hexokinase
(a) location in body (b) affinity (Km) (c) capacity (Vm) (d) inducibility by insulin? (e) feedback inhibition? |
(a) location in body: ubiquitous
(b) affinity (Km): high (c) capacity: low (d) inducibility by insulin? No (e) yes (G6P) |
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Glucokinase
(a) location in body (b) affinity (Km) (c) capacity (Vm) (d) inducibility by insulin? (e) feedback inhibition? |
(a) location in body: liver and beta cells of pancreas
(b) affinity (Km): low (c) capacity (Vm): high (d) inducibility by insulin?: yes (e) no |
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Rotenon, CN-, antimyinA, CO: oxidative phosphyrlation poison class and effect
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Directly inhibit electron transport, causing a decrease proton gradient and block ATP synthesis
(b) |
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Oligomycin: oxidative phosphorylation poison class and effect
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Direclty inhibit mitochondrial ATPase causing an incr proton gradient. No ATP produced b/c electron transport stops
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2,4 DNP, aspirin, thermogenin brown fat: oxidative phosphylation poison class and effect
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Incr permeability of membrane ; causing a decr proton gradient and incr O2 consumption. ATP synth stops but electron transport continues
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Pyruvate decarboxylase
(a) location (b) rxn catalyzed (c) enzyme requirements |
(a) mitochondria
(b) pyruvate to oxaloacetate (c) biotin, ATP, ATP |
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PEP carboxykinase
(a) location (b) rxn catalyzed (c) enzyme requirement |
(a) cytosol
(b) oxaloacetate to phophoenolpyruvate (c) requires GTP |
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Fructose 1,6 BP
(a) location (b) rxn catalyzed |
(a) cytosol
(b) fructose 1,6BP to frucose 6P |
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Glucose 6 phosphatase
(a) location (b) rxn catalyzed |
(a) in ER
(b) G6P to glucose |
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Main purpose of HMP (pentose phosphate) shunt
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Produce NADPH
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Processes for which NADPH is required
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Fatty acid and steroid synthesis
Glutathione reduction inside RBC's |
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Sites of HMP shunt
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Lactating mammary glands, liver, adrenal cortex, RBC's
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Key enzymes in HMP shunt (products of rxn)
(a) oxidative phase (b) nonoxidative phase |
(a) irreversible; glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (NADPH)
(b) transketolase (requires thiamine)-(ribose 5 phosphate, G3P, G6P) |
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Essential AA's
(a) glucogenic only (b) glucogenic/ketogenic (c) ketogenic only |
(a) met, val, arg, his
(b) ile, phe, thr, trp (c) leu, lys |
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Derivatives of phenylalanine
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Tyrosine to dopa and thyroxine
Dopa to melanin and dopamine Dopamine to NE NE to epi |
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Derivatives of tryptophan
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Niacin to NAD+/NADP+
Serotonin to melatonin |
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Derivatives of histadine
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Histamine
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Derivatives of glycine
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Porphyrin (to heme)
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Derivatives of arginine
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Creatinine
Urea Nitric oxide |
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Derivatives of glutamate
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GABA
Glutathione |
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Anabolic effects of insulin
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Increase glucose transport
Increase glycogen storage and synthesis Increase triglyceride storage and synthesis Increase Na+ retention in kidneys Inc protein synthesis (muscles) Incr cellular uptake of K+ |
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Location of Glut1
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RBC's
Brain |
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Location of glut 2
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Beta islet cells
Liver Kidney NOTE: bidirectional |
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Location of glut 4
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Adipose tissue
Skeletal muscle NOTE: insulin responsive |
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Fuel used during exercise
(1) first 100 s (sprint) (2) minutes later (long run) (3) hours (marathon) |
(1) first 100 s: stored ATP, creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis
(2) minutes later (long run): above +oxidative phosphorylation (3) hours (marathon): glycogen, FFA oxidation; glucose conserved for final sprint |
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Fuel used during starvation and fasting: Day 1-3
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Priority to supply brain and RBC's
Blood glucose maintained by: (1) hepatic glycogenolysis (2) adipose release of GGA (3) muscle and liver shifting fuel use from glucose to FFA |
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Fuel used during starvation and fasting: after day 3
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Hepatic formation of ketone bodies (supply brain, heart)
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Fuel used during starvation and fasting: several weeks
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Keton bodies main source for brain and heart.
Survival time determined by amnt of fat stores. After depleted, vital protein degradation accelerates (organ failure and death) |
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Name the essential fatty acids
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Linoleic and linolenic acids
Arachidonic acid if linoleic acid is absent |
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Major apolipoproteins and fct
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A-I: activates LCAT
B-100: Binds to LDLR,mediates VLDL secr C-II: Co-factor for lipoprotein lipase B-48: mediates chylomicron secretion E: mediates extra (remnant) uptake |