Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Native Americans |
The first Americans |
|
Land Bridge |
A bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska (which is now submerged under the Bering Sea) |
|
Sioux & Pawnee |
Great Plains tribes that followed the buffalo herds; nomadic; small settlements |
|
Pueblo |
Southwest America; lived in multistoried buildings and developed irrigation systems for farming |
|
Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippian |
Mound-builders; Mississippi and Ohio River valleys; supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture; decline in 15th century |
|
Iroquois |
Northeast America; formed the League of the Iroquois (political confederacy); withstood attacks from opposing Native Americans and Europeans |
|
Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs |
Central & South America; developed highly organized societies, extensive trade, and created calendars based on scientific observations |
|
Renaissance |
Rebirth of classical learning and artistic & scientific activity; gradual increase in scientific knowledge & technological change |
|
Technology in Renaissance |
Use of gunpowder, sailing compass; improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking; invention of printing press |
|
Catholic victory in Spain |
1492: Isabella and Ferdinand defeated the Moors of Granada (Muslim invaders); uniting of Spain sign of new leadership, hope, and power for Roman Catholic faith |
|
Isabella and Ferdinand |
Isabella (queen of Castile) and Ferdinand (king of Aragon) united their Christan kingdoms |
|
Protestant Reformation |
Early 1500s; Christians in northern Europe revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome; led to series of religious wars |
|
Trade |
Competition among European kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, and China (economic motives for exploration) |
|
Portugal |
Developing nation-state; monarchs of emerging nation-states depended on trade and the Church to justify their right to rule; Prince Henry the Navigator |
|
Henry the Navigator |
Opened a long sea route around South Africa's Cape of Good Hope; sponsored voyages of exploration; used power to search for riches and spread influence of Ronan Catholicism to new overseas dominions |
|
Nation-state |
Country in which the majority of people share both a common culture and common political loyalties toward a central government |
|
Christopher Columbus |
1492: Isabella and Ferdinand financed his voyages and provided him with 3 ships; discovered the New World; voyages brought about permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans |
|
New World |
Spain and Portugal eye the first to claim territories which led to the Treaty of Tordesillas; Spain owed its power to explorers and conquistadores; Dutch, English, and French made claims on the Americas |
|
Amerigo Vespucci |
Italian sailor; the Americas was named after him |
|
Papal Line of Demarcation |
1493: the pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map (gave Spain all lands to the west of the line and Portugal all lands to the east) |
|
Treaty of Todesillas |
1494: Spain and Portugal signed this treaty which moved the line a few degrees to the west |
|
Vasco Núñez de Balboa |
Feats across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean |
|
Ferdinand Magellan |
Circumnavigation of the world |
|
Hernan Cortés |
Conquests of the Aztecs |
|
Francisco Pizarro |
Conquests of the Incas |
|
Conquistadores |
Conquerors; sent ships loaded with gold and silver back to Spain from the New World |
|
Ecomienda system |
The Spanish seized the wealth of the Indian empires and the king gave grants of land & Indians to individual Spaniards. |
|
Asiento system |
The Spanish paid a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas |
|
John Cabot |
Italian sea captain under contract to King Henry VII; explored the coast of Newfoundland in 1497 |
|
Giovanni de Verrazano |
Italian navigator whose voyage was sponsored by the French monarchy in 1524; explored part of North America's eastern coast |
|
Jacques Cartier |
Explored St. Lawrence River extensively |
|
Samuel de Champlain |
Established the 1st permanent French settlement in America in 1608 (Quebec); Father of New France |
|
Father Jacques Marquette |
1673: explored the upper Mississippi river with Louis Jolliet |
|
Robert de la Salle |
1682: explored the Mississippi basin; named Louisiana (after King Louis XIV) |
|
Henry Hudson |
English seaman; 1609: sailed up a broad river (Hudson river); surrounding area would become New Amsterdam (New York) |
|
Joint-stock company |
Financed costly and risky enterprise; supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable |
|
Father Junípero Serra |
Member of the Franciscan order; founded nine of the missions established along the California coast |
|
Virginia Company |
Joint-stock company that established the first permanent English colony (Jamestown) in America in 1607 |
|
Captain John Smith |
English explorer who helped found Jamestown and was one of the original settlers |
|
John Rolfe & Pocahontas |
Established a tobacco industry since they developed a new variety of tobacco (became popular in Europe and bright financial prosperity to the colony). |
|
Royal colony |
Colony under the control of a king or queen; Virginia became England's 1st royal colony under the control of King James I. |
|
Puritans |
Religious reformers wanted to "purify" their church of Catholic influences; they wanted to change the ceremonies and the hierarchy of the Church of England |
|
Plymouth colony |
First colony established for religious motivation settled by a group of Puritans (Separatists) |
|
Separatists |
Rejected the idea of reforming the Church of England; wanted to organize a completely separate church (independent of royal control); in search of religious freedom |
|
Pilgrims |
Aka Separatists; 1620: boarded the Mayflower to head for Virginia since they faxed economic hardship & cultural differences in Holland; established new colony at Plymouth |
|
Mayflower; Mayflower Compact |
Ship that the Pilgrims boarded to get to Virginia; 1620: Pilgrims drew up and signed a document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the majority (early form of colonial self-government and written constitution) |
|
Massachusetts Bay Colony |
A group of Puritans (who were not Separatists & were seeking religious freedom) gained a royal charter for a new colonizing venture (Massachusetts Bay Company) as the persecution of Puritans increased in England |
|
John Winthrop |
1630: led a thousand Puritans and founded Boston and other towns |
|
Great Migration |
A civil war in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay colony (a movement) |
|
Virginia House of Burgesses |
The first representative assembly in America |