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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an ELISA test kit? |
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Used to detect viruses, bacteria, parasites or hormones in serum. Dye is activated - colour change is seen for positive |
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Examples of ELISA tests? |
FIV/FELV, SNAP PLIS |
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When should FELV be tested again? |
After 12 weeks as may show a false positive due to recent exposure, time of shedding or low prevalence |
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What does bacteria need to grow? |
Warmth, moisture, oxygen, food, a host, body temperature |
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What is microorganism media? |
A culture medium is used to provide the essential nutrients bacteria required to grow |
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What are two types of micro-organism media? |
Liquid and solid media |
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What are enrichment broths used for? |
Joint taps |
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What is enriched media? |
Fussy bacteria - salmonella |
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What is an example of a simple media bacteria? |
E.coli |
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What may grow on blood agar? |
Bacterial species which break down red blood cells -streptococcus bacteria |
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What is an example of selective media bacteria? |
MacConkey agar - salmonella and E.coli |
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What is enrichment media? |
Selenite broth - allows bacteria to grow within in (joint taps) |
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What equipment do you need for bacterial plating? |
Sterile Petri dish Acetate pen Inoculating loop Bunsen burner Plates need to be stored at 4degrees and be upside down |
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What does colony formation do? |
Helps identify and categorise bacteria by their appearance and morphology (shape) Shows how many diverse bacteria and fungi are present in the environment |
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What characteristics can bacteria include? |
Size, shape, colour, elevation, margin, surface texture and consistency |
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What are reasons for using smears? |
Morphology information Distinguish shape of bacteria Arrangement of bacteria Gram positive or negative Identify acid-fast bacteria - stain resistant |
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What is the best staining technique to use? |
Methylene blue staining |
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What is the gram staining technique? |
Identifies whether bacteria is gram positive or gram negative |
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What colour does gram positive bacteria come up as? |
Purple |
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What colour does gram negative bacteria come up as? |
Red |
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What are examples of gram negative bacteria? |
Salmonella, bordetella, escherichia coli |
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What are examples of gram negative bacteria? |
Salmonella, bordetella, escherichia coli |
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What are examples of gram positive bacteria? |
Staphylococcus |
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What is the specific gravity ? |
Concentration of the urine |
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Why isn’t voided urine suitable? |
Contamination Exposed to air Unsuitable for bacteriology testing |
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What are downsides to catheterisation of urine? |
Urethral trauma can be caused Chemical restraint is required Can induce bladder infections |
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What are ways to examine urine? |
Physical examination, chemical testing and bacterial culture |
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What are normal SG ranges in a dog and cat? |
Dog - 1.015-1.045 Cat - 1.020-1.060 |
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What can low SG readings indicate? |
Diabetes insipidus Chronic renal failure Cushings Addisons Liver failure Administration of diuretics |
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What do high SG readings indicate? |
Dehydration Shock Acute renal failure Diabetes mellitus Presence of bacteria or toxins |
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What are examples of urine preservatives? |
Boric acid Hydrochloric acid Thymol Formal saline Toluene (COSHH risks) |
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How long should you centrifuge urine? |
3-5 minutes at 1000-2000rpm |
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What is the supernatent? |
The liquid on top of the urine sample after spinning |
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What should be used as a minimum when examining urine under a microscope? |
10 microscopic fields |
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What should you stain urine slides with? |
Lieshman stains |
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what cells will show in a normal urine sediment? |
Ted blood cells, white blood cells, epithelial cells, renal tubular, transitional or squamous Mucus threads Crystals Fat droplets, artifacts and contaminants |
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What can you test for with a commercial test kit? |
FIV/FELV, PLI, Giardia, leptospirosis |
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What is the normal PVC for a dog? |
37%-55% |
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What is the normal PVC for a dog? |
37%-55% |
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What is a normal PCV range for a cat? |
24-45% |
