Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the main function of the urinary system?
|
to produce urine
|
|
kidney's functions
|
1) urine formation
2) pH regulation 3) body fluids & elect. reg. 4) long-term BP reg. 5) erythropoiesis |
|
Where kidney located?
|
1) retroperitoneal (behind peritoneal cavity)
2) at L1 |
|
What is the function of the ureter?
|
transport urine from kidney to bladder
|
|
urethra female
|
shorter and wider
only for urinary purpose |
|
urethra male
|
loner and narrower
urinary and reproductive purposes |
|
renal cortex
|
outer portion
|
|
renal medulla
|
inner portion
|
|
renal medulla divided into?
|
renal pyramids
|
|
base of pyramids
|
towards the cortex
|
|
apex of pyramids
|
1) towards the medulla
2) aka "papilla" |
|
each papilla drain into
|
minor calyx
|
|
2 to 3 minor calyx join ot form
|
major calyx
|
|
2 to 3 major calyxes join to form
|
renal pelvis (continuous with the ureter)
|
|
the functional unit of the kidney
|
nephron
|
|
all the nephrons are in the
|
cortex
|
|
all of the urine is produced in the
|
cortex
|
|
path of blood flow (artery)
|
1) renal artery
2) 1-2 segmental artery 3) several lobar arteries 4) interlobar artery 5) arcuate artery 6) interlobular artery 7) afferent afterioles |
|
path of blood flow (venous)
|
1) interlobular vein
2) arcuate vein 3) interlobar vein 4) renal vein 5) inferior VC |
|
renal veins do not have
|
segmetnal or lobar vein
|
|
Which vessels establish the limit between cortex and medulla?
|
arcuate vessels
|
|
All of the glomeruras are in the
|
cortex
|
|
two types of nephrons
|
1) cortical nephron
2) juxtamedullary nephron |
|
cortical nephron
|
1) majority
2) most of tubular systems are in cortex |
|
juxtamedullary nephron
|
1) minority
2) loof of Henle is deep in the medulla |
|
structure of the nephron starts at
|
the end of the arrerent arteriole
|
|
structure of the nephron
|
1) glomerulus and Bowmans capsule (renal capsule)
2) proximal convoluted tubule 3) loop of Henle (descending & ascending limb) 4) distal convoluted tubule |
|
descending limb of loop of Henle
|
1) thinner
2) goes down |
|
ascending limb of loop of Henle
|
1) thicker
2) goes up |
|
distal convulted tubule goes into
|
collecting duct
|
|
collecting duct
|
each nephron drain into 1 collecting duct, and each collecting duct receives several nephrons
|
|
juxtaglomerular apparatus
|
1) near the afferent arterioles
2) detect the BP related to flow of blood 3) recrete renin to adjust BP |
|
glomerulus
|
1) a network of capillaries
2) starts with arteriole and end with arteriole |
|
proximal convoluted tubule
|
1) epithelial cells
2) lot of mitochondria (energy needed) 3) lots of microvilli |
|
purpose of microvilli
|
to increase the surface area for absorption/reabsorption
|
|
major functions of proximal tubule
|
1) active reabsorption
2) secretion |
|
descending limb of the loop of Henle
|
1) thin segment
2) squemous epithelial cells 3) microvilli 4) small # of mitochondria 5) water easily diffuses from the thin segment into the interstitial space |
|
distal tubule
|
1) sparce microvilli
2) numerous mitochondria 3) actively reabsorb Na, K, and Cl |
|
collecting ducts
|
1) some microvilli
2) numerous mitochondria 3) actively reabsorb Na, K, and Cl |
|
three processes of urine formation
|
1) filtration
2) reabsorption 3) secretion |
|
urine formation takes place in the organ's
|
cortex
|
|
filtration
|
1) in glomerulus
2) non-selective 3) passive process |
|
definition of filtration
|
is the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the lumen of Bowman's capsule to form filtrate
|
|
passive transport of filtration
|
1) move both solute & solvent follows a pressure gradient (except for blood cells & proteins)
|
|
normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
|
125 ml/min.
|
|
glomerular (blood) hydrostatic pressure
|
55 mm Hg
|
|
blood colloid osmotic pressure
|
30 mm Hg
|
|
capsular hydrostatic pressure
|
15 mm Hg
|
|
net outward pressure
|
10 mm Hg
55-(30+15)=10 |
|
Glomerular filtration
|
is the first step and a physical process
|
|
process of glomerular filtration
|
1) water and solutes filter out of the blood into Bowman's capsule through the glomerular-capsular memb.
|
|
fluid filters out of gromerule into Bowman's capsule because of?
|
a pressure gradient resulting from the hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli
|
|
hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli
|
is really high because the affarent art. is larger than the efferent one (more volume gets in than out in the time unit)
|
|
hydrostatic pressure inside the gromeruli oppose to?
|
1) capsular hydrostatic pressure
2) plasmatic oncotic pressure in the filtrate |
|
80 % of the normal GFR is reabsorbed by
|
proximal convoluted tubule
|
|
? ml/min. enter the loop of Henle
|
25 ml/min.
|
|
descending loop of Henle
|
1) is permeable to water
2) 10 ml/min. are reabsorbed 3) leaving 15 ml/min. |
|
ascending loop of Henle
|
1) is not permeable to water
2) permeable to Na with energy |
|
distal tubule
|
1) 15 ml/min. enter the distal tubule
2) 13 ml/min. are reabsorbed 3) leaving 2 ml/min. to enter the collecting duct |
|
collecting duct
|
1) absorb water with ADH
2) ~1 ml/min. is lost as urine by nephron |
|
hydrostatic pressure
|
forces fluids and solutes circulating within the glomeruli towards the Bowman's capsule
|
|
filtrate
|
1) 180 L/day
2) includes everything but blood cells and large proteins 3) isotonic with plasma (290-300 mOsm) |
|
urine
|
1) 1.5 L/day
2) can be hypotonic or hypertonic according to water intake |
|
glomerular filtration is regulated by?
|
the kidney's intrinsic or auto regulatory systems
(will maintain a +/- constatnt GFR despite changes in BP) |
|
total blood volume
|
1) is filtered every 45 min.
2) the ECF is reworked in the kidneys more than 10 times/day |
|
? % of GFR is reabsorbed
|
~ 99 %
|
|
active reabsorption
|
1) glucose
2) aminoacids 3) lactate 4) vitamins 5) most ions |
|
up to 80% of the energy used in active transp. is to reabsorb what?
|
Na
|
|
transport maximum (Tm) for glucose
|
375 mg/min.
|
|
for protein reab.
|
pinocytosis
|
|
Na (gradients)
|
1) drags Cl and HCO3 (by electrostatic attraction)
2) water follows Na (osmotic) |
|
proximal tubule reabsorbs
|
1) all glucose and AA's
2) 75-80 % of Na 3) 75-80 % of water (without ADH) 4) nearly all K and uric acid 4) K, HCO3, PO4, urea |
|
proximal tubule secretes
|
1) H
2) foreign substances |
|
tonicity of fluid in proximal tubule
|
isotonic
|
|
descending loop of Henle
|
1) water reabsorption
2) Na diffuses in |
|
ascending loop of Henle
|
1) Na reabsorption (active trans.)
2) water stays in |
|
distal tubule reabsorbs
|
1) Na
2) water (ADH required) 3) HCO3 |
|
distal tubule secretes
|
1) K
2) urea 3) H 4) NH3 5) some drugs |
|
collecting duct
|
1) reabsorption of water (ADH required)
2) reabsorp./secretion of Na, K, H, NH3 |
|
water
|
can leave the descending limb but not the ascending limb while Na can leave the asc.
|
|
reabsorption of Na and H2O in distal and collecting tube is regulated by?
|
hormones and depends on body needs (if no hormones acting = No reabsorption)
|
|
ADH
|
increase water reabsorption at distal tubule and collecting duct
|
|
aldosterone
|
increase Na reab. at distal tubule and cortical collecting duct
|