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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
discretionality of evolution |
species change over time and are adapted to their environment |
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use and disuse |
body parts that are used become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate |
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inheritance of acquired characteristics |
characteristics could be passed to offspring |
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descent with modification |
organisms evolve through natural selection and adapt to their environment |
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adaptation |
inherited characteristics that enhance survival and reproduction in a specific environment |
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natural selection |
a process in which individuals with particular inherited traits will survive and reproduce at higher rates than those individuals without the traits |
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binomial nomenclature |
two part scientific name of a species |
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phylogeny |
the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species |
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homology |
phenotypic and genetic similarities due to shared ancestry |
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analogy |
similarities resulting from convergent evolution such as similar structures |
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clade |
group of species descended from a common ancestor |
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monophyletic |
ancestor and all of its descendants |
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paraphyletic |
ancestor and part of its descendants |
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polyphyletic |
group composed of members with different ancestors |
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shared ancestral character |
trait that predates branching of a clade |
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shared derived character |
trait that is unique to a clade |
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microevolution |
adaptation |
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macroevolution |
speciation |
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phenotypic variation |
variation in physical and physiological traits among individuals |
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genetic variation |
differences among individuals in their genetic information |
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population |
a group of organisms of the same species that inhabit the same area and interbreed |
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gene pool |
all copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population |
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locus |
specific portion of chromosome where one gene is located |
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allele |
versions of gene that may produce a phenotypic effect |
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gene flow |
transfer of alleles into and out of population due to the movement of fertile individuals |
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genetic drift |
process in which random events cause unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from on generation to the next |
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founder effect |
small number of individuals establish a new population
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bottleneck effect |
occurs when a population is reduced in number |
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directional selection |
conditions favor one extreme of a phenotypic range |
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disruptive selection |
individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range are favored over intermediate phenotypes |
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stabilizing selection |
selection favors intermediate types and acts against extreme phenotypes |
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speciation |
process by which new species arise |
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species |
a set of individuals that are closely related by descent from a common ancestor and can reproduce viable offspring with each other but not with members of any other species |
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phylogenetic species concept |
smallest group of individuals descended from a common ancestor and who all possess a combination of shared derived traits |
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morphological species concept |
group of individuals that appear identical by morphological criteria |
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biological species concept |
one or more populations interbreeding under natural conditions and producing viable fertile offspring and reproductively isolated from other such populations |
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habitat isolation |
species occupy different habitats within overlapping ranges and rarely encounter each other |
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temporal isolation |
species breed during different times or seasons |
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behavioral isolation |
operates through courtship rules and other behavioral patterns |
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mechanical isolation |
morphological differences prevent mating |
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gametic isolation |
male and female gametes fail to unite |
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reduced hybrid viability |
hybrid zygotes fail to develop in utero or reach sexual maturity |
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reduced hybrid fertility |
hybrid sterility |
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hybrid breakdown |
offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile |
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allopatric speciation |
a population forms a new species while geographically isolated from parent generation |
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sympatric speciation |
a subset of a population forms a new species without geographic speciation |
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polyploidy |
the presence of extra set of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division |
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autopolyploidy |
an individual with more than two chromosomes sets derived from one species |
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allopolyploidy |
a species with multiple sets of chromosomes derived from different species |
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hybrid zone |
region where species with incomplete reproductive barriers come into contact and mate producing hybrids |
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reinforcement |
hybrids are not fit and disappear |
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fusion |
reproductive barriers are overcome by gene flow and two species fuse into a single species |
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stability |
hybrid populations are stable as a result of surviving and reproducing better than individuals of parents species |