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27 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
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is an area of psychology that has gotten a great deal of attention, especially in the recent years. •refers to the factors within an individual (such as needs, desires, and interests) that activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal. |
Motivation |
What drives you to study psychology? Why do we study and want to have a career? The reason is because we all want to be successful, we all want direction and drive, and we all want to be seen as motivated. |
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• Feelings or affective responses that result from physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation, and bodily expression. |
Emotion |
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by William McDougall (1908)-people act that way because they naturally act that way. |
Instinct theories |
For example, a spider creating its home and trap using its web. How do spiders know how to spin webs? The answer is BIOLOGY. All creatures are born with specific innate knowledge about how to survive. Animals are born with the capacity and oftentimes knowledge of how to survive by spinning webs, building nests, avoiding danger, and reproducing. These innate tendencies are preprogrammed at birth. |
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According to Clark Hull (1943, 1952), humans have internal biological needs which motivate us to perform a certain way. These needs, or drives, are defined by Hull as internal states of arousal or tension which must be reduced. |
Drive-reduction Tgeory |
A prime example would be the internal feelings of hunger or thirst, which motivates us to eat. According to this theory, we are driven to reduce these drives so that we may maintain a sense of internal calmness. |
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2 biological theories |
•Instinct theories •Drive-reduction theories |
IT, D-rT |
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3 Psychological theories |
•Incentive Theory •Cognitive Theory •Ineractionism |
It, Ct, I |
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–motivation results from environmental stimuli that “pull” the organism. For example, giving rewards to a child who performs well in class. These rewards fuel the motivation of the child to do achieve more. |
Incentive Theory |
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–emphasizes thought processes in goal-directed behavior. For example, you got a grade of 97 in your Mathematics class. You would associate this grade to your effort in studying the subject. . |
Cognitive Theory |
This would drive you to put more effort in studying your other subjects so that you will get high grades |
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–which explains that some motives have to be satisfied before advancing to higher needs. Interactionism can be best explained in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: |
Interactionism |
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–inborn and are present at birth. |
Psychological or Biological drives |
Hunger Thirst Oxygen need/air hunger Sleep and rest Avoidance of pain Elimination of drive Maternal drive Warmth and cold Sex drive |
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drives which are learned rather than acquired. |
Psychosocial drives |
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5 Psychosocial Drives |
•Achievement motive •Affiliation motive •Succorance drive •Dominance •Order |
A m, A m, S c, D , O |
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–predisposition to excel, to accomplish a difficult task very well, and to overcome obstacles |
Achievement motive |
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involves a drive to have close friendships and enjoy being with others |
Affiliation drive |
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–the drive to be consoled, guided, and protected. |
Succorance drive |
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–the drive to control others |
Dominance |
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the drive to have things organized and arranged. |
Order |
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3 WAYS of motivating others |
•Motivation by enticement •Motivation by threat or force •• Motivation by identification or ego involvement |
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Three basic components of emotion: |
• Cognition • Psychological • Behavioral |
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Speaks about the subjective feelings and evaluations of each person. People differ not only in their subjective experience and expression but also in their ability to accurately identify and describe their emotions. For example, both students got a failed grade in their Science class. Student A felt sad, see it as a humiliating experience and decides to quit school while Student B felt challenged to do better the next time. |
Cognitive |
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The limbic system (in particular the hypothalamus) seems to play a particular important role in the primitive types of emotions such as fear, anger, and sexual desire. |
Psychological |
Arousal such as heart rate, fast and shallow breathing, trembling, and so on are produced by the Autonomic Nervous System. It is responsible for the “fight-or-flight mechanism”
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Expressing emotions Emotional expression is a powerful form of communication. Emotions are often expressed “nonverbally” through facial expression, gestures, body position, use of touch, eye, gaze, and tone of voice. |
Behavioral |
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The Reaction is the Emotion Emotion is the perception of one’s bodily reactions and that each emotion is physiologically distinct. Emotion depend on feedback from the body. You perceive an event, your body reacts, and then you interpret the bodily changes as a specific emotion. |
James Lange Theory |
EXAMPLE: Event: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. Arousal: You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body’s preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear (emotion). Event---Arousal---Interpretation---Emotion |
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Emotions and Reactions Are Simultaneous The hypothalamus responds to emotion-arousing stimuli by sending messages simultaneously to the cerebral cortex and the ANS. Messages to the cortex produce the experience of emotion while messages in the ANS produce bodily changes. The Cannon-Bard theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior. |
Cannon-Bard Theory |
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night (Event). You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear (Arousal and Emotion). Event---Arousal---Emotion |
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The Face Determines Emotions Movements of the facial muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions contractions of the various facial muscles send specific messages to the brain, identifying each basic emotions. According to the facial feedback theory, emotion is the experience of changes in our facial muscles. In other words, when we smile, we then experience pleasure, or happiness. |
Facial feedback hypothesis |
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night (Event). You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench (facial changes) and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear (emotion). Therefore you experience the emotion of fear. Event---Facial changes---Emotion |
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The Label is the Emotion Emotional experience results from the physical arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal. Emotions depend on two factors: physical arousal and cognitive labeling According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. |
Schacter's two factor theory |
EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night (event0. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens (arousal). Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous (reasoning) and therefore you feel the emotion of fear (emotion). Event---Arousal---Reasonimg---Emotion |
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5 Domains of Psychological intelligence |
• Knowing one's emotions • Managing Emotions • Motivation oneself • Recognizing emotions in others • Handling relationships |
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