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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What force drives filtration at the glomerulus? |
Blood pressure |
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Glomerular filtation is a process of ____ driven by the_____of the blood |
Bulk flow, hydrostatic pressure |
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Common components of the filtrate are divided into four categories on the CD program. These include: |
Water Ions (Na+, K+) Nitrogenous waste (urea, uric, acids) Organic molecules (glucose, amino acids) |
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Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about ___mmHg |
60mmHg |
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What two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values? |
Capsular hydrstatic pressure (15mmHg) Osmotic pressure of blood (28mmHg) |
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What is the normal net filtration pressure? |
17mmHg |
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With a glomerular filtration rate of 125 ml/min, how much plasma would be filtered per day? |
180L |
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In an excersing individual the afferent arteriole will____to avoid excess fluid loss |
Constrict |
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Two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include: |
Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomeular feedback |
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High osmolarity (or high Na+ and Cl-) in the ascending loop of Henle will cause afferent arterioles to___ |
Constrict |
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In periods of extreme stress, the sympathic nervous system will override autoregulation. An increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two important effects that wil aid maintenance of blood pressure? |
Blood is shunted to other vital organs GFR reduction causes minimal fluid loss from blood |
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What are the two reabsorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier? |
a. Transcellular through luminal and basolateral membranes (most substances) b. Paracellular -- through tight junctions |
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How can we cause water to diffuse from the lumen into the interstitial space? Question 2 |
Increased osmolarity of the interstitium |
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Transport of what ion could cause the diffusion in question 2? |
Transport of Na+ from the cell into the interstitium. |
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Summarize reabsorption in the proximal tubule. |
Basolateral transport of Na+: Interstitial osmolarity increases causing diffusion of water. Decreased intracellular Na+ leads to additional Na+ reabsorption through the luminal membrane. |
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What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? |
65% |
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The simple squamous cells of the thin descending loop are permeable to___ but impermeable to__ |
Water, NaCl |
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The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to___ but impermeable to__ |
Na, Cl, and K ions Water |
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What is the role of loop of Henle? |
Forms and maintains the interstitial osmolarity gradient. |
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What is the role of the Vasa Recta? |
Delivers nutrients without altering osmotic gradient. |
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From the quiz section, what does furosemide do? |
It causes dilution of the filtrate because transport in ascending loop will be impaired. It blocks the Na+/K+/2Cl - cotransporter. Furosemide is a potent loop diuretic. |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransport: |
Decrease |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Na+/K+/2Cl- retained in tubule |
Increase |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Interstitial osmolarity |
Decrease |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Water reabsorption in descending limb |
Decrease |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Filtrate and volume flow |
Increase |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Urine input |
Increase |
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If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following: Loss of body water and electrolytes |
Increase |
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Name the two types of cells in the late distal tubules and cortical collecting ducts and describe their function |
a. Intercalated Cells: Secrete hydrogen ions
b. Principal Cells: Perform hormonally regulated water and sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion |
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Aldosterone is stimulated by an increase or decrease in what ions? |
1. Increased potassium 2. Decreased Sodium |
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What does aldosterone increase in the basolateral membrane? |
The number of sodium/potassium ATPase pumps |
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What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase in the luminal membrane? |
Water channels |
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In dehydration and overhydration, what would be the levels of the following (increase or decrease)? 1. ADH: Dehydration__ Overhydration__ 2. Aldosterone: Dehydration__ Overhydration__ |
increase, decrease increase, decrease |
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Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Proximal tubule |
Moves out water, solutes 300 mOsm |
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Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Descending limb
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Moves out water Increasing mOsm |
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Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Ascending limb |
Moves out solutes Decreasing mOsm |
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Describe what moves out of the tubule and what the osmolarity would be in the following nephron segments: Late distal tubule
|
Moves out water, solutes
100-300 mOsm |
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a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.
b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Normal (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume) |
Moderate, 600 mOsm, 1.1 ml/min
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a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.
b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Dehydration (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume) |
High, 1400 mOsm, 0.25 ml/min
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a. By the medullary collecting duct, only 5 % of the filtrate remains.
b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent urine osmolarity and flow rate: Overhydration (ADH, Urine Osmolarity, Urine Volume) |
Low, 100 mOsm, 16 ml/min
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Urine with a "high normal osmolarity" and containing RBC's and protein would indicate:
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Renal disease
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Urine with a very high osmolarity and glucose would indicate
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Diabetes mellitus
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Urine with a very low osmolarity and high volume would indicate
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Diabetes inspidus
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An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Aldosterone levels
|
increase |
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An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Potassium excretion
|
increase |
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An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Sodium excretion
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decrease |
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An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Interstitial osmolarity
|
increase |
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An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the following (increase of decrease): Urine volume
|
decrease |