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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the function of the nervous system? What is the other system that serves This function? |
To maintain homeostasis and the other system is Endocrine |
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How does the nervous system control homeostasis? |
Electrical impulses called action potential |
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How does the endocrine system control homeostasis? How do these system’s effects differ? |
They use hormones. The nervous is faster but the endocrine lasts longer. |
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Define periphery |
Everywhere in body except the brain and spinal cord. |
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What is the first type of neuron, what is another name for it, and what is its job? |
The first is sensory or afferent, it’s found everywhere in the periphery and it’s job is to monitor everything. |
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What is the second type of neuron? What is it’s job? |
The second type is association or interneurons and they are in the brain and spinal cord. Their job is to analyze and decide a response from the sensory neuron. |
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What is the third type of neuron? Where is it located and what is it’s job? |
The third is called motor or efferent neurons and they are found in the periphery. Their job is to carry out the response of the association. |
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What is the CNS? |
The CNS is the central nervous system and it consists of the brain and spinal cord along with the association neurons in it. |
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What is the PNS and how is it broken down? |
The PNS is the periphery nervous system and it’s broken down into the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system |
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What is the Somatic Nervous System? |
It is the voluntary part of the PNS. |
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What is the Autonomic Nervous System? |
It is the involuntary part of the PNS. |
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Where do sensory neurons always originate in the Somatic Nervous System? |
The skin. |
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What do motor neurons do in the Somatic Nervous System? |
They carry messages back out from the CNS |
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Where are the sensory neurons located in the Autonomic Nervous System? |
They are located in the major organs? |
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What are the two branches of motor neurons in each major organ called and what do they do? |
They are called sympathetic and parasympathetic and they tell the organ to slow down and speed up but which one does which depends on the organ. |
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What are neuroglial cells and what is their job? |
They are cells that help aid the neurons in some way |
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What are astrocytes and what are the points of each astrocyte called? |
Astrocytes are an abundant, star shaped, neuroglial cell only in the CNS and the points are called perivascular feet |
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What are the jobs of astrocytes? |
To make the supporting framework around neurons, make chemical nerve growth factor that helps synapse formation, and they form part of the blood brain barrier |
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How do nutrients get from food to cells in the body? |
The food is digested into a nutrient in the stomach and then gets into the blood and can get through the capillary walls by going through fenestrations or through the cells that form capillary walls |
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What is a fenestration and what can get through it? |
A fenestration is the gap between cells in a capillary wall. Anything that can fit through them is allowed into cells outside of the capillary including viruses and bacteria |
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What happens if something in the blood can’t get through a fenestration? |
It must go through the cells making the capillary wall and it selects what can and can’t go through these cells |
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What is the blood brain barrier and how does it work? |
The blood brain barrier are capillaries associated with the brain and spinal cord. It works by one of a astrocyte’s perivascular feet touching a cell in the wall of These capillaries causing tight junctions to form and making anything that give the brain nutrient to go through the cells making up the capillary wall to prevent anything bad to go into the brain |
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What is the difference between meningitis and encephalitis? |
Meningitis is the infection of the meninges and encephalitis is an infection of the brain tissue itself |
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What are oligodendrocytes? |
They’re the myeline sheath cells for the CNS |
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What are microglial? |
Phagocytic cells in the CNS |
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What are ependymal cells? |
Epidymal are neuroglial cells that make cerebral spinal fluid |
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What are Schwann cells? |
They are neuroglial cells that are the myeline sheath cells for the PNS |
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What are satellite cells? |
They are neuroglial cells that surround groups of neuron cell bodies called ganglions and it keeps them together and they are in the PNS |
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What is the difference between (association and motor) and (sensory) neurons? |
Motor and association are multipolar and it’s in the typical order while sensory neurons have the cell body in the middle of the axon and are unipolar |
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Where do neurons connect to the spinal cord? |
The connect at the same level that the body part is on |
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Why is the cell body so close to the spinal cord? |
It’s less likely to get hurt there |
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Where do sensory neurons go into the spinal cord at and what forms here? |
The dorsal side of the spine and due to many neurons on the same body level the cell bodies cluster together to form ganglions. |
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Where in the spine do motor neurons come out from? |
They come out from the front or central side of the spine. |
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Define spinal nerve |
Where motor and sensory neurons bundle together as they go from the spinal cord into the periphery |
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What are cranial nerves and how do they behave? |
Cranial nerves are motor and sensory neurons that connect directly to the CNS through the brain because they are located on the head and neck and it’s faster to send a signal directly to the brain rather than down to the spinal cord and back up to the brain |
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Define presynaptic neuron |
The first neuron that has a synapse with another neuron |
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Define post synaptic neuron |
the second neuron receiving the info from the first neuron’s synapse |
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What is necessary for proper synapse between two neurons? |
The post synaptic neuron must have membrane potential and have ion channels |
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Ion channels are like gates. What are the different ways ion channels are gated ? |
Chemically gated, voltage gated, mechanically gated, and light gated. |
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How are chemically gated ion channels opened? |
By a neurotransmitter. |
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How are voltage gated ion channels opened? |
By an electrical current like the one used when Na+ flies into a skeletal muscle. |
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How are mechanically gated ion channels opened? |
They’re opened with vibrations and the voice box and ears used this |
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How are light gated ion channels opened? |
Light is use to open these ion channels like in the eyes. |
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How are neurons and skeletal muscle cells alike? |
The inside is more negative than the outside |
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What is the resting membrane potential for a neuron? Why is it negative? |
It’s -70mV and it’s negative because you’re measuring it inside the cell |
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What is the threshold number and what happens if it’s not reached? |
It is -55mV and if it’s not reached the impulse isn’t sent down the neuron |
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What is the difference between when a neuron stimulates a skeletal muscle and when a neuron stimulates another neuron? |
When a neuron stimulates a muscle cells it’s one end bulb to one muscle cell but when a neuron stimulates another neuron the end bulbs can have synapses in many places on the post synaptic neuron |
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What are the places you can have a synapse on a post synaptic neuron? Where can’t you have a synapse? |
Dendrites, cell body, and the axon hillock. You can’t on the axon itself |
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When a neuron to neuron synapse happens what can happen? |
It can either depolarize or open negative ion channel and it can be hyperpolarized. |
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Define local potential. |
Local potential is when a neurotransmitter is released in a neuron to neuron synapse and it limits itself to only a few ion channels rolling open. |
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Define trigger zone. |
The trigger zone is a place in the axon hillock that adds any ions sent to it |
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What is an EPSP ? |
This is what it’s called when the trigger zone adds up ions added to it and it turns out to be a positive number. It stands for Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential. |
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What is a IPSP? |
An IPSP what it’s called when the trigger zone adds up ions and it’s negative. It stands for Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential. |
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When a stimulus is enough to be accepted and it rises on the graph what is happening? |
Na+ is depolarizing the cell |
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When a stimulus is enough to be accepted and it reaches the peak or refractory period what is happening ? |
The membrane potential is lost and cell is non polar |
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How does a neuron repolarize itself? |
It opens potassium ion channels because potassium is in higher concentration outside the cell so it leaves on its own. However because the potassium ion channels close so slow too much potassium is let out so ATP is used to pour out Na+ and pump in K+ |
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What is the first way a stimulus can be conducted down the neuron? |
By continuous conduction and this is when sodium ions are rolled open the whole way down the neuron |
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What is the second way a stimulus can be conducted down a neuron? |
Saltatory Conduction and this is when a neuron is myelinated and only the sodium ions in the nodes of ranvier are opened |
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Which is the faster way of conducting a stimulus? |
Saltatory conduction |
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What is multiple sclerosis? |
When the myeline sheath cells are lost forcing every neuron to be continuously conducted so they don’t respond as well |
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What is the job of neurotransmitters? |
To go across the synaptic cleft and open ion channels |
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What are the two most common neurotransmitters and what do they do ? |
Acetylcholine which is excitatory for everything but cardiac muscle and sweat glands and Norepinephrine which only excites cardiac muscle and sweat glands |
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What disease is caused by lack of acetylcholine? |
Alzheimer’s |
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What is seratonin and what does lack of it cause? |
Seratonin is a neurotransmitter in the CNS that causes happiness and lack of it causes depression |
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Why wouldn’t a seratonin pill work to cure depression? |
The blood brain barrier wouldn’t let it through |
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What does Dopamine do and what does lack of it cause? |
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter only in the CNS that blocks stimulation to the PNS (allows tricep to relax so bicep can contract) and lack of it causes Parkinson’s. |
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What is GABA and what does lack of it cause? |
GABA is a neurotransmitter that does the same thing as dopamine but lack of it causes more damage to the CNS and causes Huntington’s disease |
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What are endorphins? |
They are neurotransmitters that significantly block pain |
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What are neuronal circuits? |
The pathway that info takes as it travels through the CNS |
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What is the 1st and most uncommon neuronal circuit? |
A simple series circuit and it’s when one presynaptic neuron passes info the one post synaptic neuron |
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What is a diverging neuronal circuit and what does it do? |
A diverging neuronal circuit is when one presynaptic neuron passes info to many post synaptic neurons so that you can have many analysis from one bit of info at the same time (think kid playing and you hear tires screech) |
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What is a converging neuronal circuit and what does it do? |
This is may presynaptic neurons going to one post synaptic neuron and helps give a better response by strengthening the info for it.(think car accident and feeling many broken bones at once) |
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What is a reverberating neuronal circuit and what does it do? |
It’s a neuronal circuit for short term memory that works when a piece of info is sent to the brain and the brain puts it into a looping circuit that can only be broken if the task is complete or you’re interrupted and forget what you’re doing |
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What are the two functions of the spinal cord? |
It’s a highway for info to and from the brain and it is the body’s major reflex center |
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Define reflexes |
Preprogrammed automated responses |
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What is the spinal cords best protection? |
The vertebra |
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What are the meninges in order from outermost to inner most? |
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia Mater |
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What is the space between the dura Mater and vertebra? |
This is the epidural space |
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What is the space between the dura Mater and the arachnoid? What is significant about This space? |
The subdural and it’s where most bleeds from head trauma occur. |
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What is the space between the arachnoid and the pia Mater? |
The subarachnoid space |
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How is meningitis checked for? |
Using a spinal tap to see if the cerebral spinal fluid is clear like it’s supposed to be |
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What is the spinothalmic ascending tract? |
It is a straw like structure in the spinal cord that carries general sensory info |
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What is the Posterior Column ascending tract ? |
A straw like structure for organization of association neurons that carries info about the precise location of body parts |
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How does the spinal cord information highway work? |
A sensory neuron out in the periphery passes info to an association neuron in an ascending tract. It then goes to the thalamus and the thalamus does a crude analysis to determine what the message is about and sends it to the corresponding part of the brain for a more detailed analysis. The majority of association neurons carrying the motor response info go into the pyramids and cross sides before going into a descending track and to a motor neuron that carries out the motor response. |
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What does a pyramidal descending tract do? |
It carries info about voluntary muscle movement out to skeletal muscle |
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What does a extrapyramidal descending tract do? |
It carries info about subconscious muscle movement like holding up head |
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What is the difference between spastic and flaccid paralysis? |
In spastic the association neuron in the descending tract is damaged (very serious) while in flaccid is when the motor neuron going out of the spinal cord is damaged |
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What is the largest part of the brain? How’s it divided? |
The cerebrum into 2 hemispheres |
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What is the corpus callosum? |
A bundle of myelinated axons that connect the left and right brain. |
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What are left and right brained people like? |
Right brained- Artsy Left Brained- Analytical |
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What is monosynaptic? |
A type of reflex arc where a sensory neuron goes straight to a motor neuron and there isn’t any association neuron to analyze it once it reaches the spinal cord so the only place it can go is where it came from |
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What does poly synaptic mean? |
It’s a type of reflex arc where a sensory neuron connects to a association neuron and then to a motor neuron where it is directed somewhere else in the body. |
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What is the major control center of homeostasis? |
The brain |
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Define prefrontal region |
Anterior section in the FRONTAL LOBE that’s responsible for intellectual activity like thinking |
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Define premotor cortex |
Middle section of the FRONTAL LOBE that you pre plan your voluntary movement in |
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Define primary motor cortex |
Posterior part of FRONTAL LOBE that causes the pre planned movement to happen |
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Define visual scanning area |
Area in FRONTAL LOBE that allows you to scan for words instead of reading every word |
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What are fine motor skills and what helps with them? |
Small learned adjustment like guiding a spoon to the mouth accurately and the FRONTAL LOBE is responsible for it |
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What is an example of learned skilled movements and where is it kept? |
Riding a bike and it’s kept in the FRONTAL LOBE |
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Define Samato Sensory area. |
An area in the PARIETAL LOBE that receives all general sensory info from the skin |
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Define proprioception |
Awareness of where body parts are. This is also taken to the samatosensory area |
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What is the gustatory center and what part of the brain is it in? |
The gustatory center is where taste is analyzed and it’s in the parietal lobe |
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What is the gnostic area and where is it in the brain? |
It’s a part of the brain in the PARIETAL LOBE and it receives info from all the lobes in the brain and combines as a unit to combine the info (think smell smoke, see smoke, feel hot door; all at same time to realize there’s a fire) |
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Define Brodmann’s area and where it’s located |
It’s the olfactory center and it’s in the TEMPORAL LOBE |
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What lobe has the auditory center? |
The TEMPORAL LOBE |
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Define Wernickes area and where it is in the brain |
Part of brain in TEMPORAL LOBE that analyzes sound to determine if it’s speech, music, or just sound. |
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Define Brocha’s Area and where in the brain it is |
Brochas area is in the FRONTAL LOBE and its where speech in produced |
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How does quick analysis happen? |
At all of these “centers” where your special senses are there are areas called cortex areas close by that analyze what’s happening at that second and compares it to your past experiences at the same time to analyze things quicker |
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Where is the vision center? |
The OCCIPITAL LOBE |
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What is grey matter? |
Grey matter is the grey looking part of the brain because it’s made up of clusters of cell bodies deep in the brain that form nuclei |
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What is white matter? |
The white part of the brain seem when split. It’s white because it’s made up of myelinated axons |
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What are commissural fibers and what is the biggest commissural fiber? |
Bundles of myelinated axons that connect things. The corpus Callosum |
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What are projection fibers? |
Fibers that connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain |
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What are association fibers? |
Fibers that connect areas of the cerebral cortex in the same hemispheres together |
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What helps protect the brain? |
The skull, CSF, and the blood brain barrier |
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What are epidymal cells? |
Cells that make the CSF |
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How much CSF should you have? |
Between 80-150mL |
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What are the functions of the CSF? |
Helps brain float so the brain doesn’t crush its own neurons, reduces impact of brain against skull, and it provides the correct chemical environment for proper neuronal signaling |
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What structures make the brain stem? |
Medulla, pons, and midbrain |
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What does the medulla do? |
It controls heartrate, blood vessel dilation, basic breathing, vomiting, swallowing, hiccuping, coughing and sneezing |
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What does the pons do? |
The pons has 2 sensors that speed up and slow down respiration |
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What does inferior colliculi do? |
It’s the reflex center in the midbrain that controls the head, neck, and eyes in response to a auditory stimulus |
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Define superior colliculi |
It’s the reflex center in the midbrain that controls the head, neck, and eyes in response to a visual stimulus |
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What does the cerebellum do? |
It isn’t required for life but it helps with balance, posture, walking, and fine motor skills |
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What is the diecephalon? |
Center of brain where glands are housed |
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What does the pineal gland do? |
It is above the colliculi and produces melatonin |
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What does the thalamus do? |
The thalamus receives all sensory info except olfactory and does a crude analysis of it |
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What does the hypothalamus do? |
Controls autonomic nervous system, receives olfactory, controls pituitary glands secretion, thermoregulates body, hunger and thirst center, and it plays a role in memory & emotional behavior |
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What is the limbic system and what does it do? |
The limbic system is made of clusters of neurons deep in the brain and controls emotional response to fear |
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What does the reticular activating system do? |
It allows you to ignore some stimuli and ignore others like the feeling of your shirt on your skin |
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How do local anesthetics work? |
They block Na+ channels so that no action potential can be started causing no pain to be felt. It effects motor neurons too so they can’t move either |
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What would be effected with damage to the occipital lobe |
Vision |
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What would be effected with damage to the prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe |
Intellectual activity, personality, and emotional response |
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What would be effected with damage to the premotor cortex in the frontal lobe? |
You wouldn’t be able to pre plan movement |
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What would be effected with damage to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe? |
Can’t initiate the pre planned movements |
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What would be effected with damage to Brochas area in the frontal lobe? |
Can’t produce speech |
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What would be effected with damage to Wernickes area in the temporal lobe ? |
Can’t be able to interpret written/spoken language and won’t be able to formulate what to say |
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What would be effected with damage to the midbrain? |
We’d lose reflex centers to the head, neck, and shoulders in response to visual and auditory stimulus |
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What would be effected with damage to the Parietal lobe? |
Can’t analyze general sensory info like touch, pressure, pain, and lose ability to analyze info from all lobes as a unit as well as the ability to taste |
