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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why study developmental psychology?
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- To better understand human nature (self and others)
- To help choose/shape social policy - To enrich the lives of children - To provide realistic expectations about children/adults and what they can do - To recognise normal vs non-normal behaviour |
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What are the three domains of development?
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- Physical
- Cognitive - Psychosocial |
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What did Plato believe about child development?
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- Children are born with innate knowledge
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What did Aristotle believe about child development?
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- Infant mind is a blank slate
- Knowledge comes from experience |
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What ideas did Plato and Aristotle share?
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- Welfare of society depends on proper raising of children
- Questions about nature vs nurture |
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What is a homunculi?
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- Children fully formed but miniature versions of themselves present in sperm/egg
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How were children viewed in medieval times?
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- Miniature adults
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Why were parents reluctant to get too close to their children in medieval times?
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- High rates of infant mortality
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What changed the idea of homunculi?
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- 1590 invention of microscope
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What two opposite ideas about children existed in medieval times?
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- Children possess God-given purity or innocence
- Children as wanton, vile creatures in need of discipline |
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What did Locke (1600s) believe in terms of childhood development?
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- Children as blank slate
- Development reflects nurture of parents/society - Parents need to set good example - Discipline and reason important - Heir of environmentalism and Skinner ideas |
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What did Rousseau (1700s) believe in terms of child development?
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- Children need maximum freedom until 12 years
- Children learn through spontaneous interactions with objects and people - No formal education until 12 years when they can judge the worth of their learning - NOT blank slates - Heir to Piaget |
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What were Rousseau's four stages of childhood?
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- Infancy (0-2)
- Childhood (2-12) - Late childhood (12-15) - Adolescence (puberty onwards) |
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What was Charles Darwin's contribution to developmental psych?
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- Research the motor, sensory and emotional growth of his own son
- Produced first baby biography (first method of studying children) |
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What is Binet known for?
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- Intelligence testing
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What are Hall and (later) Gesell known for?
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- Schedules (feeding, sleeping, etc)
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What did Rousseau (1700s) believe in terms of child development?
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- Children need maximum freedom until 12 years
- Children learn through spontaneous interactions with objects and people - No formal education until 12 years when they can judge the worth of their learning - NOT blank slates - Heir to Piaget |
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What were Rousseau's four stages of childhood?
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- Infancy (0-2)
- Childhood (2-12) - Late childhood (12-15) - Adolescence (puberty onwards) |
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What was Charles Darwin's contribution to developmental psych?
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- Research the motor, sensory and emotional growth of his own son
- Produced first baby biography (first method of studying children) |
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What is Binet known for?
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- Intelligence testing
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What are Hall and (later) Gesell known for?
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- Schedules (feeding, sleeping, etc)
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What is Freud known for (in terms of developmental psych)?
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- Biology (esp sexual) drives development
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What is Watson known for?
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- Reward and punishment ideas
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What are the 7 enduring themes of developmental psych?
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- Nature vs nurture
- Children's roles in their own development - Continuity vs discontinuity - Mechanisms for developmental change - Socio-cultural context - Individual differences - Research and children's welfare |
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Explain nature vs nurture
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- Biological endowment, esp genes from parents, vs physical and environmental influences
- Often depicted as either/or but this is a constant interaction |
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Explain children's role in their own development
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- The idea of the active child who determines what they pay attention to, how motivated they are to learn, and choices they make in terms of environment, peers and activities they engage in
- Children contribute to their own development from early in life and this contribution increases with age |
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What are the seven enduring themes of development?
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- The constant interaction of nature and nurture
- Children's role in their own development - Continuity vs discontinuity - Mechanisms for developmental change - Sociocultural context - Individual differences in child development - Research and children's welfare |
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What is continuity?
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- Gradual development where achievements build quantitatively
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What is discontinuity?
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- Distinct stages/steps with each step resulting in qualitatively different behaviour (Erikson, Piaget, Freud)
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Define nature
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- Biological endowment; genes
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Define nurture
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- Physical and social environmental influences
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What are the 4 steps of the scientific method?
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- Formulating research questions
- Stating questions as hypotheses - Developing a method for testing hypotheses - Interpreting and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses (publishing results) |
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What are the methods of studying developmental psych that vary by time frame?
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- Cross sectional
- Longitudinal - Microgenetic - Sequential - Ethnographic |
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What are the methods of studying developmental psychology that vary by control?
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- Naturalistic
- Experimental |
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What are the methods of studying developmental psychology that vary by sample size?
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- Surveys (of many)
- Interviews (of few) - Case studies (of few) |
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Define cross sectional design
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- Children of different ages studied at a single time
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Define longitudinal design
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- Children examined repeatedly over a prolonged period of time
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Define microgenetic design
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- Children are observed intensively over a relatively short time period while a change is occurring
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Define a sequential design
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- Two cohorts observed longitudinally and comparisons made within each cohort across time and between cohorts at particular time points
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Define ethnographic design
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- Detailed description of a single culture or context based on extensive observation
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What comprises ethical research?
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- No physical or psychological harm
- Informed consent - Anonymity - Counteract unforeseen negative results that may arise - Be honest with the child about research aims |
