Tox Final: Poisonous Plants

Front 1

Toxic Part: Cannabis sativa

Back 1

marijuana

Hint 1

flowering tops > flowers > leaves > stems. Female plants more toxic than males

Front 2

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Back 2

Dumb cane

Hint 2

all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 3

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Back 3

split leaf philodendren

Hint 3

all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 4

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Back 4

Caladium; Elephant ear

Hint 4

all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 5

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Back 5

Jack in the pulpit

Hint 5

all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 6

Toxic Part: Aloe vera

Back 6

aloe

Hint 6

latex juice within the leaves

Front 7

Toxic Part: Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Back 7

tulip

Hint 7

bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 8

Toxic Part: Bulbs Iris spp.

Back 8

iris; flags

Hint 8

bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 9

Toxic Part: Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Back 9

daffodils

Hint 9

bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 10

Toxic Part: Pinus spp

Back 10

Christmas Tree

Hint 10

Pine needles, sap, water in tree reservoir probably more likely source

Front 11

Toxic Part: Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Back 11

Easter lily and Asiatic lily, respectively

Hint 11

Leaves, stems, flowers – flowers most toxic

Front 12

Toxic Part: Nicotiana tabacum

Back 12

Tobacco

Hint 12

All parts – absorbed in small intestine; toxicity not lost in drying

Front 13

Toxic Part: Phoradendron flavescens

Back 13

Mistletoe

Hint 13

Leaves and berries – berries most toxic

Front 14

Toxic Part: Poinsettia pulcherrima

Back 14

Poinsettia

Hint 14

Leaves (juice/sap)

Front 15

Toxic Part: Ilex opaca

Back 15

American Holly

Hint 15

All parts

Front 16

Toxic Part: Amanita muscaria

Back 16

Fly mushroom, Amanita

Hint 16

Entire fungus

Front 17

Toxic Part: Amanita spp.

Back 17

Destroying Angel

Hint 17

Entire fungus

Front 18

Toxic Part: Psilocybe

Back 18

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogens)

Hint 18

Entire fungus

Front 19

Toxic Part: Paneolus

Back 19

Sacred Mushroom
(hallucinogens)

Hint 19

Entire fungus

Front 20

Toxic Part: Digitalis purpurea

Back 20

Foxglove, Digitalis

Hint 20

All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 21

Toxic Part: Nerium oleander

Back 21

Oleander

Hint 21

All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 22

Toxic Part: Convallaria majalis

Back 22

Lilly of the Valley

Hint 22

All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 23

Toxic Part: Sorghum halapense

Back 23

Johnson Grass

Hint 23

85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 24

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp.

Back 24

Sorghum,Sudex

Hint 24

85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 25

Toxic Part: Zea Mays

Back 25

Corn

Hint 25

85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 26

Toxic Part: Claviceps spp.

Back 26

ergot

Hint 26

seed head

Front 27

Toxic Part: Festuca

Back 27

Tall Fescue

Hint 27

all parts toxic but seed heads most toxic (esp. in mid summer). Drought and fertilization increases toxicity

Front 28

Toxic Part: Taxus spp.

Back 28

Japanese Yew

Hint 28

All parts toxic except for fruit of the berries; toxic in green or dry stage; older more mature leaves more mature than young ones; concentration highest during winter.

Front 29

Toxic Part: Aesculus octandra

Back 29

Yellow Buckeye

Hint 29

NUTS are the most toxic, but all parts are potentially problematic.

Front 30

Toxic Part: Acer rubrum

Back 30

Red Maple

Hint 30

Wilted or dried leaves (fresh leaves suspected but not proven).

Front 31

Toxic Part: Quercus spp

Back 31

Oak, Acorn

Hint 31

Acorns, especially the caps. Oak buds also.

Front 32

Toxic Part: Juglans nigra

Back 32

Black Walnut

Hint 32

The wood is usually to blame (walnut shavings).

Front 33

Toxic Part: Prunus spp

Back 33

Wild or Chokecherry

Hint 33

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 34

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp

Back 34

Johnson or Sudan Grass

Hint 34

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 35

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp

Back 35

Sudex or Sorghum

Hint 35

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 36

Toxic Part: Hypericum perforatum

Back 36

St. Johnswort

Hint 36

Entire plant

Front 37

Toxic Part: Fagopyrum sagittatum

Back 37

Buckwheat

Hint 37

Entire plant

Front 38

Toxic Part: Medicago sativa

Back 38

Alfalfa

Hint 38

Entire plant

Front 39

Toxic Part: Trifolium spp

Back 39

White Clover

Hint 39

Entire plant

Front 40

Toxic Part: Azalea spp.

Back 40

Azalea

Hint 40

"0.2% of BW of leaves

nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 41

Toxic Part: Kalmia latifolia

Back 41

Mountain Laurel; Sheep Laurel

Hint 41

"0.2% of BW of leaves

nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 42

Toxic Part: Rhododendron maximum

Back 42

Rhododendron

Hint 42

"0.2% of BW of leaves

nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 43

Toxic Part: Cicuta maculata

Back 43

Water Hemlock

Hint 43

"lower stem and roots - highest concentration of the toxic yellow oily liquid

one piece of tuber the size of your thumb is enough to kill a horse or cow"

Front 44

Toxic Part: Toxicodendron radicans

Back 44

Poison Ivy

Hint 44

N/A

Front 45

Toxic Part: Toxicodendron quercifolium

Back 45

Poison Oak

Hint 45

N/A

Front 46

Toxic Part: Cannabis sativa

Back 46

Marijuana
flowering tops > flowers > leaves > stems. Female plants more toxic than males

Front 47

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Back 47

Dumb cane
all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 48

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Back 48

split leaf philodendren
all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 49

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Back 49

Caladium; Elephant ear
all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 50

Toxic Part: Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Back 50

Jack in the pulpit
all parts are toxic, but especially stalk. Stalk > leaves

Front 51

Toxic Part: Aloe vera

Back 51

aloe
latex juice within the leaves

Front 52

Toxic Part: Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Back 52

tulip
bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 53

Toxic Part: Bulbs Iris spp.

Back 53

iris; flags
bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 54

Toxic Part: Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Back 54

daffodils
bulb >>> other parts. Leaves contain some toxin, but much less of a hazard

Front 55

Toxic Part: Pinus spp

Back 55

Christmas Tree
Pine needles, sap, water in tree reservoir probably more likely source

Front 56

Toxic Part: Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Back 56

Easter lily and Asiatic lily, respectively
Leaves, stems, flowers – flowers most toxic

Front 57

Toxic Part: Nicotiana tabacum

Back 57

Tobacco
All parts – absorbed in small intestine; toxicity not lost in drying

Front 58

Toxic Part: Phoradendron flavescens

Back 58

Mistletoe
Leaves and berries – berries most toxic

Front 59

Toxic Part: Poinsettia pulcherrima

Back 59

Poinsettia
Leaves (juice/sap)

Front 60

Toxic Part: Ilex opaca

Back 60

American Holly
All parts

Front 61

Toxic Part: Amanita muscaria

Back 61

Fly mushroom, Amanita
Entire fungus

Front 62

Toxic Part: Amanita spp.

Back 62

Destroying Angel
Entire fungus

Front 63

Toxic Part: Psilocybe

Back 63

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogens)
Entire fungus

Front 64

Toxic Part: Paneolus

Back 64

Sacred Mushroom
(hallucinogens)
Entire fungus

Front 65

Toxic Part: Digitalis purpurea

Back 65

Foxglove, Digitalis
All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 66

Toxic Part: Nerium oleander

Back 66

Oleander
All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 67

Toxic Part: Convallaria majalis

Back 67

Lilly of the Valley
All parts of plant are toxic but with low palatability

Front 68

Toxic Part: Sorghum halapense

Back 68

Johnson Grass
85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 69

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp.

Back 69

Sorghum,Sudex
85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 70

Toxic Part: Zea Mays

Back 70

Corn
85% of the nitrate is in the lower 1/3 of the plant (i.e. lower stalk); corn, wheat or oat seeds are not a problem; stover/straw problems. Silage and concentrate not source of nitrate. (bacteria degredate in silage)

Front 71

Toxic Part: Claviceps spp.

Back 71

ergot
seed head

Front 72

Toxic Part: Festuca

Back 72

Tall Fescue
all parts toxic but seed heads most toxic (esp. in mid summer). Drought and fertilization increases toxicity

Front 73

Toxic Part: Taxus spp.

Back 73

Japanese Yew
All parts toxic except for fruit of the berries; toxic in green or dry stage; older more mature leaves more mature than young ones; concentration highest during winter.

Front 74

Toxic Part: Aesculus octandra

Back 74

Yellow Buckeye
NUTS are the most toxic, but all parts are potentially problematic.

Front 75

Toxic Part: Acer rubrum

Back 75

Red Maple
Wilted or dried leaves (fresh leaves suspected but not proven).

Front 76

Toxic Part: Quercus spp

Back 76

Oak, Acorn
Acorns, especially the caps. Oak buds also.

Front 77

Toxic Part: Juglans nigra

Back 77

Black Walnut
The wood is usually to blame (walnut shavings).

Front 78

Toxic Part: Prunus spp

Back 78

Wild or Chokecherry
Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 79

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp

Back 79

Johnson or Sudan Grass
Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 80

Toxic Part: Sorghum spp

Back 80

Sudex or Sorghum
Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 81

Toxic Part: Hypericum perforatum

Back 81

St. Johnswort
Entire plant

Front 82

Toxic Part: Fagopyrum sagittatum

Back 82

Buckwheat
Entire plant

Front 83

Toxic Part: Medicago sativa

Back 83

Alfalfa
Entire plant

Front 84

Toxic Part: Trifolium spp

Back 84

White Clover
Entire plant

Front 85

Toxic Part: Azalea spp.

Back 85

Azalea
"0.2% of BW of leaves
nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 86

Toxic Part: Kalmia latifolia

Back 86

Mountain Laurel; Sheep Laurel
"0.2% of BW of leaves
nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 87

Toxic Part: Rhododendron maximum

Back 87

Rhododendron
"0.2% of BW of leaves
nectar and honey made from nectar"

Front 88

Toxic Part: Cicuta maculata

Back 88

Water Hemlock
"lower stem and roots - highest concentration of the toxic yellow oily liquid
one piece of tuber the size of your thumb is enough to kill a horse or cow"

Front 89

Toxic Part: Toxicodendron radicans

Back 89

Poison Ivy
N/A

Front 90

Toxic Part: Toxicodendron quercifolium

Back 90

Poison Oak
N/A

Front 91

Toxic Principle: Cannabis sativa

Back 91

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Mechanism unknown but THC affects brain serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism

Front 92

Toxic Principle: Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Back 92

insoluble Ca oxalate crystals embed on GI tract causing irritation. Needles shoot out of idioblast. Also, proteolytic enzymes may cause histamine release.

Front 93

Toxic Principle: Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Back 93

insoluble Ca oxalate crystals embed on GI tract causing irritation. Needles shoot out of idioblast. Also, proteolytic enzymes may cause histamine release.

Front 94

Toxic Principle: Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Back 94

insoluble Ca oxalate crystals embed on GI tract causing irritation. Needles shoot out of idioblast. Also, proteolytic enzymes may cause histamine release.

Front 95

Toxic Principle: Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Back 95

insoluble Ca oxalate crystals embed on GI tract causing irritation. Needles shoot out of idioblast. Also, proteolytic enzymes may cause histamine release.

Front 96

Toxic Principle: Aloe vera

Back 96

barbolin (an anthraquinone glycoside) is a purgative

Front 97

Toxic Principle: Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Back 97

exact mechanism unknown, bulb contains a combination of irritant resins and alkaloids

Front 98

Toxic Principle: Bulbs Iris spp.

Back 98

exact mechanism unknown, bulb contains a combination of irritant resins and alkaloids

Front 99

Toxic Principle: Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Back 99

exact mechanism unknown, bulb contains a combination of irritant resins and alkaloids

Front 100

Toxic Principle: Pinus spp

Back 100

"Multiple monocyclic carbon alcohols in pine needles and the sap
that leeches into the water reservoir; pinene, pine oil, phenol-type compounds"

Front 101

Toxic Principle: Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Back 101

Unknown

Front 102

Toxic Principle: Nicotiana tabacum

Back 102

"–Pyridine alkaloid: nicotine
–Teratogen is called Anabasine (Large Animals)"

Front 103

Toxic Principle: Phoradendron flavescens

Back 103

"–Sympathomimetic amines like tyramine, choline and B-
phenylethylamine –Oxytocin like substance - increase BP & RR
»Abortifacient used by American Indians –Phoratoxin (a Toxalbumin) - GI irritant »Similar to Castor Bean
»Biggest problem with ingestion of berries"

Front 104

Toxic Principle: Poinsettia pulcherrima

Back 104

Euphorbin, an irritant in the juice or sap

Front 105

Toxic Principle: Ilex opaca

Back 105

"–Glucosidic saponins most important
–Also has some caffeine & theobromine
–All parts of plant are toxic"

Front 106

Toxic Principle: Amanita muscaria

Back 106

"1. Muscarinic: Inocybe & Clitocybe
muscarine similar to ACh & binds to ACh receptors → causes unclrolled stimulation → not degraded by Achesterase
2. Isoxazole: Ibotenic & Muscimol
*crosses BBB & acts on CNS
*Muscimol: potent agonist of GABA receptor so decreases motor activity at small dose & ataxia at large dose
*Ibotenic Acid: mimics glutamic acid activity in CNS"

Front 107

Toxic Principle: Amanita spp.

Back 107

"*Cyclopeptides: amanitins (most important because toxic orally) & phalloidins
*Amanitins inhibit nuclear RNA polymerase II → block protein synthesis at ribosomes → cell death of hepatocytes, renal tubular cells & crypt cells"

Front 108

Toxic Principle: Psilocybe

Back 108

"Psilocybin metabolized to Psilocin (active)
*Indole tryptamine derivative (serotonin)
*Stimulates serotonin receptors
*psychoactive effects similar to LSD"

Front 109

Toxic Principle: Paneolus

Back 109

"Psilocybin metabolized to Psilocin (active)
*Indole tryptamine derivative (serotonin)
*Stimulates serotonin receptors
*psychoactive effects similar to LSD"

Front 110

Toxic Principle: Digitalis purpurea

Back 110

"Fairly potent toxicant
*Cardiac glycosides which are digitalis, digitoxin, convallamarin, & oleandrin
*cause cardiac arrhythmias due to incomplete AV block"

Front 111

Toxic Principle: Nerium oleander

Back 111

same as Digitalis purpurea; only takes 0.005% BW to be lethal

"Fairly potent toxicant
*Cardiac glycosides which are digitalis, digitoxin, convallamarin, & oleandrin
*cause cardiac arrhythmias due to incomplete AV block"

Front 112

Toxic Principle: Convallaria majalis

Back 112

"Fairly potent toxicant
*Cardiac glycosides which are digitalis, digitoxin, convallamarin, & oleandrin
*cause cardiac arrhythmias due to incomplete AV block"

Front 113

Toxic Principle: Sorghum halapense

Back 113

Nitrates reduced to nitrite by rumen microbes -> nitrate is an oxidizing agent that causes methhemobglobin in amt greater than what can be compensated for by methemoglobin reductase. Chronic nitrate toxicosis thought to be associated with induced iodine deficiency or decreased progesterone production by copora lutea.

Front 114

Toxic Principle: Sorghum spp.

Back 114

Nitrates reduced to nitrite by rumen microbes -> nitrate is an oxidizing agent that causes methhemobglobin in amt greater than what can be compensated for by methemoglobin reductase. Chronic nitrate toxicosis thought to be associated with induced iodine deficiency or decreased progesterone production by copora lutea.

Front 115

Toxic Principle: Zea Mays

Back 115

Nitrates reduced to nitrite by rumen microbes -> nitrate is an oxidizing agent that causes methhemobglobin in amt greater than what can be compensated for by methemoglobin reductase. Chronic nitrate toxicosis thought to be associated with induced iodine deficiency or decreased progesterone production by copora lutea.

Front 116

Toxic Principle: Claviceps spp.

Back 116

Claviceps purpurea has ergocryptine, ergocornine, ergocristine, ergotamine, ergosine and ergonovine which do the following:
1.lysergic acid has CNS effects and causes vasoconstriction
2. decreases prolactin
3. interferes with thermoregulation center of hypothamalamus. Claviceps paspali produces paspalitrems which are tremorgenic and have physioloigic effects related to CNS.

Front 117

Toxic Principle: Festuca

Back 117

Neotyphodium coenophialum endophytic fungus grows on >95% of fescue grass in Southwest and Midwest-->contains alkaloids. Alkaloid ergovaline affects smooth muscle contraction, hypothalamic thermoregulation, prolactin levels, and other midbrain sympathetic activity. It is a dopamine (D2) agonist and serotonin antagonist.

Front 118

Toxic Principle: Taxus spp.

Back 118

19 alkaloids found but most important are taxine A and B → depress conduction of depolarization through the heart; leads to pronounced bradycardia with heart stoppage in diastole; also negative ionotrope and calcium, sodium channel antagonistic activity.

Front 119

Toxic Principle: Aesculus octandra

Back 119

Consumption of only 0.5-1% of body weight can be fatal. The suspected toxins are triterpenoid saponins, which can be neurotoxic at low doses and hemolytic at high doses. All species are susceptible, but most of cases are seen in cattle.

Front 120

Toxic Principle: Acer rubrum

Back 120

Gallic acid and pyrogallol involved. Lead to oxidative damage to red cells, forming methmeglobin with a lack of oxygen carrying capacity. Mostly a problem in horses.

Front 121

Toxic Principle: Quercus spp

Back 121

Tannins and their metabolites. Tannins metabolized to gallic acid and pyrogallol. Gallic acid precipitates proteins. Presumed mechanism is through endothelial damage leading to interstitial and perirenal edema.

Front 122

Toxic Principle: Juglans nigra

Back 122

Moldy walnuts contain Penitrum A, which is toxic to dogs. Fresh walnuts are toxic mostly to horses through an unknown mechanism.

Front 123

Toxic Principle: Prunus spp

Back 123

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 124

Toxic Principle: Sorghum spp

Back 124

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 125

Toxic Principle: Sorghum spp

Back 125

Forage containing 200 ppm or greater is dangerous. Cyanide inhibits cytochrome oxidase and shuts down cellular respiration, leading to histotoxic anoxia. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin.

Front 126

Toxic Principle: Hypericum perforatum

Back 126

Primary photosensitivity: pigments in plants present, need no metabolism. Causes photosensitizational dermatitis, caused by activation of photodynamic agent by UV light. Pigments are hypericin (St. Johnswort)& fagopyrin (Buckwheat). Pigments form free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA in skin cells. This changes membrane permeability, leading to cell death.

Front 127

Toxic Principle: Fagopyrum sagittatum

Back 127

Primary photosensitivity: pigments in plants present, need no metabolism. Causes photosensitizational dermatitis, caused by activation of photodynamic agent by UV light. Pigments are hypericin (St. Johnswort)& fagopyrin (Buckwheat). Pigments form free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA in skin cells. This changes membrane permeability, leading to cell death.

Front 128

Toxic Principle: Medicago sativa

Back 128

Toxin unknown, mechanism thought to be like that below.

Primary photosensitivity: pigments in plants present, need no metabolism. Causes photosensitizational dermatitis, caused by activation of photodynamic agent by UV light. Pigments are hypericin (St. Johnswort)& fagopyrin (Buckwheat). Pigments form free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA in skin cells. This changes membrane permeability, leading to cell death.

Front 129

Toxic Principle: Trifolium spp

Back 129

Toxin unknown, mechanism thought to be like that below.

Primary photosensitivity: pigments in plants present, need no metabolism. Causes photosensitizational dermatitis, caused by activation of photodynamic agent by UV light. Pigments are hypericin (St. Johnswort)& fagopyrin (Buckwheat). Pigments form free radicals that interact with DNA, RNA in skin cells. This changes membrane permeability, leading to cell death.

Front 130

Toxic Principle: Azalea spp.

Back 130

"Grayanotoxins (Andromedotoxins-tetracyclic polyol (complex alcohol)

Arbutin - a glycoside; a toxicant of secondary importance"

Front 131

Toxic Principle: Kalmia latifolia

Back 131

"Grayanotoxins (Andromedotoxins-tetracyclic polyol (complex alcohol)

Arbutin - a glycoside; a toxicant of secondary importance"

Front 132

Toxic Principle: Rhododendron maximum

Back 132

"Grayanotoxins (Andromedotoxins-tetracyclic polyol (complex alcohol)

Arbutin - a glycoside; a toxicant of secondary importance"

Front 133

Toxic Principle: Cicuta maculata

Back 133

"Cicutoxin: a resenoid
complex alcohol-unsaturated
present in the yellow oily liquid

Cicutol - an alcohol derivative, which is relatively non-toxic"

Front 134

Toxic Principle: Toxicodendron radicans

Back 134

oil in the root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit can cause dermatitis in people --- IT DOES NOT AFFECT ANIMALS but they can carry the oil on their coats, transferring it to humans

Front 135

Toxic Principle: Toxicodendron quercifolium

Back 135

" --- IT DOES NOT USUALLY AFFECT ANIMALS (some dogs may get slight irritation on underbelly or nose)
- people can have an allergic reaction to this plant
-livestock can graze without side effects "

Front 136

What is this plant?

Back 136

Cannabis sativa

Front 137

What is this plant?

Back 137

Marijuana

Front 138

What is this plant?

Back 138

Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Front 139

What is this plant?

Back 139

Dumb Cane

Front 140

What is this plant?

Back 140

Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Front 141

What is this plant?

Back 141

Split Leaf Philodendren

Front 142

What is this plant?

Back 142

Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Front 143

What is this plant?

Back 143

Caladium - Elephant Ear

Front 144

What is this plant?

Back 144

Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Front 145

What is this plant?

Back 145

Jack in the Pulpit

Front 146

What is this plant?

Back 146

Aloe vera

Front 147

What is this plant?

Back 147

Aloe

Front 148

What is this plant?

Back 148

Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Front 149

What is this plant?

Back 149

Tulip

Front 150

What is this plant?

Back 150

Bulbs Iris spp.

Front 151

What is this plant?

Back 151

Iris; Flags

Front 152

What is this plant?

Back 152

Daffodils

Front 153

What is this plant?

Back 153

Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Front 154

What is this plant?

Back 154

Pinus spp

Front 155

What is this plant?

Back 155

Christmas Tree

Front 156

What is this plant?

Back 156

Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Front 157

What is this plant?

Back 157

Easter lily and Asiatic lily respectively

Front 158

What is this plant?

Back 158

Nicotiana tabacum

Front 159

What is this plant?

Back 159

Tobacco

Front 160

What is this plant?

Back 160

Mistletoe

Front 161

What is this plant?

Back 161

Phoradendron flavescens

Front 162

What is this plant?

Back 162

Poinsettia pulcherrima

Front 163

What is this plant?

Back 163

Poinsettia

Front 164

What is this plant?

Back 164

Ilex opaca

Front 165

What is this plant?

Back 165

American Holly

Front 166

What is this plant?

Back 166

Amanita muscaria

Front 167

What is this plant?

Back 167

Fly Mushroom, Amanita

Front 168

What is this plant?

Back 168

Amanita spp. (Destroying Angel)

Front 169

What is this plant?

Back 169

Destroying Angel

Front 170

What is this plant?

Back 170

Psilocybe

Front 171

What is this plant?

Back 171

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogen)

Front 172

What is this plant?

Back 172

Paneolus

Front 173

What is this plant?

Back 173

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogen)

Front 174

What is this plant?

Back 174

Digitalis purpurea

Front 175

What is this plant?

Back 175

Foxglove, Digitalis

Front 176

What is this plant?

Back 176

Nerium oleander

Front 177

What is this plant?

Back 177

Oleander

Front 178

What is this plant?

Back 178

Convallaria majalis

Front 179

What is this plant?

Back 179

Lily of the Valley

Front 180

What is this plant?

Back 180

Sorghum halapense (Johnson Grass)

Front 181

What is this plant?

Back 181

Johnson Grass

Front 182

What is this plant?

Back 182

Sorghum spp. (Sorghum, Sudex)

Front 183

What is this plant?

Back 183

Sorghum; Sudex

Front 184

What is this plant?

Back 184

Zea Mays

Front 185

What is this plant?

Back 185

Corn

Front 186

What is this plant?

Back 186

Claviceps spp.

Front 187

What is this plant?

Back 187

Ergot

Front 188

What is this plant?

Back 188

Festuca

Front 189

What is this plant?

Back 189

Tall Fescue

Front 190

What is this plant?

Back 190

Taxus spp.

Front 191

What is this plant?

Back 191

Japanese Yew

Front 192

What is this plant?

Back 192

Aesculus octandra

Front 193

What is this plant?

Back 193

Yellow Buckeye

Front 194

What is this plant?

Back 194

Acer rubrum

Front 195

What is this plant?

Back 195

Red Maple

Front 196

What is this plant?

Back 196

Quercus spp

Front 197

What is this plant?

Back 197

Oak, Acorn

Front 198

What is this plant?

Back 198

Juglans nigra

Front 199

What is this plant?

Back 199

Black Walnut

Front 200

What is this plant?

Back 200

Prunus spp

Front 201

What is this plant?

Back 201

Wild or Choke Cherry

Front 202

What is this plant?

Back 202

Sorghum spp (Johnson or Sudan Grass)

Front 203

What is this plant?

Back 203

Johnson or Sudan Grass

Front 204

What is this plant?

Back 204

Sorghum spp (Sudex or Sorghum)

Front 205

What is this plant?

Back 205

Sudex or Sorghum

Front 206

What is this plant?

Back 206

Hypericum perforatum

Front 207

What is this plant?

Back 207

St. Johnswort

Front 208

What is this plant?

Back 208

Fagopyrum sagittatum

Front 209

What is this plant?

Back 209

Buckwheat

Front 210

What is this plant?

Back 210

Medicago sativa

Front 211

What is this plant?

Back 211

Alfalfa

Front 212

What is this plant?

Back 212

Trifolium spp

Front 213

What is this plant?

Back 213

White Clover

Front 214

What is this plant?

Back 214

Azalea spp.

Front 215

What is this plant?

Back 215

Azalea

Front 216

What is this plant?

Back 216

Kalmia latifolia

Front 217

What is this plant?

Back 217

Mountain Laurel; Sheep Laurel

Front 218

What is this plant?

Back 218

Rhododendron maximum

Front 219

What is this plant?

Back 219

Rhododendron

Front 220

What is this plant?

Back 220

Cicuta maculata

Front 221

What is this plant?

Back 221

Water Hemlock

Front 222

What is this plant?

Back 222

Toxicodendron radicans

Front 223

What is this plant?

Back 223

Poison Ivy

Front 224

What is this plant?

Back 224

Toxicodendron quercifolium

Front 225

What is this plant?

Back 225

Poison Oak

Front 226

Clinical Signs: Cannabis sativa

Back 226

CNS (depress>>hyperesthesia) - esp. glazed eyes & stupor. Ataxia, vomit, bradycardia, tremors.

Hint 226

marijuana

Front 227

Clinical Signs: Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Back 227

GI signs - vomit, diarrhea, salivation. Head shaking, loss of voice.

Hint 227

Dumb cane

Front 228

Clinical Signs: Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Back 228

GI signs - vomit, diarrhea, salivation. Head shaking, loss of voice.

Hint 228

split leaf philodendren

Front 229

Clinical Signs: Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Back 229

GI signs - vomit, diarrhea, salivation. Head shaking, loss of voice.

Hint 229

Caladium; Elephant ear

Front 230

Clinical Signs: Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Back 230

GI signs - vomit, diarrhea, salivation. Head shaking, loss of voice.

Hint 230

Jack in the pulpit

Front 231

Clinical Signs: Aloe vera

Back 231

GI signs- vomiting and diarrhea; possible red color urine if the urine is alkaline (kidney irritation).

Hint 231

aloe

Front 232

Clinical Signs: Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Back 232

GI signs- vomiting, diarrhea, salivation.

Hint 232

tulip

Front 233

Clinical Signs: Bulbs Iris spp.

Back 233

GI signs- vomiting, diarrhea, salivation.

Hint 233

iris; flags

Front 234

Clinical Signs: Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Back 234

GI signs- vomiting, diarrhea, salivation.

Hint 234

daffodils

Front 235

Clinical Signs: Pinus spp

Back 235

Clinical Signs: CNS, Liver, GI, Renal
Onset time: <12 hours
Depression/lethargy, jaundice, vomiting and diarrhea, abdominal
Pain, possible seizures

Hint 235

Christmas Tree

Front 236

Clinical Signs: Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Back 236

Clinical Signs: GI, Renal
Onset time: <12 hours; GI <2 hrs, Renal 1-3 days, course is 3-7 days
Vomiting, anorexia, polyuria early (12-24hrs), dehydration, salivation,
Depression/lethargy, oliguria/anuria late (>24hrs), hypothermia

Hint 236

Easter lily and Asiatic lily, respectively

Front 237

Clinical Signs: Nicotiana tabacum

Back 237

Clinical Signs: CNS, Cardiovascular
Onset time: 15-60min
-CNS: Excitation, hyperactivity, shaking, shivering, twitching, staggering gait
–Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, urination, lacrimation
–CV: decreased HR early then increasing with blockade, weak thready pulse with low BP
–High dose: weakness, staggering, collapse
»Resp. changes from rapid and shallow to very slow; death

Hint 237

Tobacco

Front 238

Clinical Signs: Phoradendron flavescens

Back 238

Clinical Signs: System: GI
–Onset time is about 12-24 hrs post ingestion
–Vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain (colic)
–Pale, anorexic, apathetic, PU and bradycardia
–Fluid and electrolyte imbalance

Hint 238

Mistletoe

Front 239

Clinical Signs: Poinsettia pulcherrima

Back 239

Clinical Signs: System: GI
–Irritated oral mucosa in puppies, kittens, birds, lizards
–Emesis, nausea, diarrhea
–Conjunctivitis, keratitis, possible dermatitis

Hint 239

Poinsettia

Front 240

Clinical Signs: Ilex opaca

Back 240

Clinical Signs: GI
–Salivation, vomiting, diarrhea - self limiting
–May become anorexic
–Shake head, smack lips (burning irritation)

Hint 240

American Holly

Front 241

Clinical Signs: Amanita muscaria

Back 241

1. Muscarinic-fast onset; GI & Autonomic NS (SLUD, abdomenal pain due to severe intestinal contractions, miosis & bradycardia
2. Isoxazole-CNS signs; Canine gets opisthotonus, paresis, seizures, paddling, chewing, miosis, vestibular signs, respiratory depression, coma

Hint 241

Fly mushroom, Amanita

Front 242

Clinical Signs: Amanita spp.

Back 242

*latent period of 6-12 hours post-ingestion
*Initial Signs:nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, feeble rapid pulse
*Later Signs: severe signs of liver & kidney failure; severe hypoglycemia; significant elevation of liver enzymes; Renal Failure signs of PU/PD, vomiting, anorexia, tubular necrosis, Increased BUN, CREA

Hint 242

Destroying Angel

Front 243

Clinical Signs: Psilocybe

Back 243

CNS signs-ataxia, vocalization, overt aggression, nystagmus, increased HR, BP, & temperature; mydriasis, tremors; no coma

Hint 243

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogens)

Front 244

Clinical Signs: Paneolus

Back 244

CNS signs-ataxia, vocalization, overt aggression, nystagmus, increased HR, BP, & temperature; mydriasis, tremors; no coma

Hint 244

Sacred Mushroom
(hallucinogens)

Front 245

Clinical Signs: Digitalis purpurea

Back 245

Clinical Signs: Onset time: rapid, usually 30-60 minutes post-ingestion
*Gastrointestinal: usually are initially the predominate signs including salivation, nausea, vomiting. Abdominal pain, diarrhea; may see mild hyperemia of gut
*Cardiovascular: later signs including strong, slow pulse → weak rapid pulse & beat as AV, progressive heart block, cardiac arrhythmias, ataxia, hypotension, shock, collapse, death
*Other signs: increased frequency of urination

Hint 245

Foxglove, Digitalis

Front 246

Clinical Signs: Nerium oleander

Back 246

same as Digitalis pupurea
Clinical Signs: Onset time: rapid, usually 30-60 minutes post-ingestion
*Gastrointestinal: usually are initially the predominate signs including salivation, nausea, vomiting. Abdominal pain, diarrhea; may see mild hyperemia of gut
*Cardiovascular: later signs including strong, slow pulse → weak rapid pulse & beat as AV, progressive heart block, cardiac arrhythmias, ataxia, hypotension, shock, collapse, death
*Other signs: increased frequency of urination

Hint 246

Oleander

Front 247

Clinical Signs: Convallaria majalis

Back 247

Same as Digitalis purpurea
Clinical Signs: Onset time: rapid, usually 30-60 minutes post-ingestion
*Gastrointestinal: usually are initially the predominate signs including salivation, nausea, vomiting. Abdominal pain, diarrhea; may see mild hyperemia of gut
*Cardiovascular: later signs including strong, slow pulse → weak rapid pulse & beat as AV, progressive heart block, cardiac arrhythmias, ataxia, hypotension, shock, collapse, death
*Other signs: increased frequency of urination

Hint 247

Lilly of the Valley

Front 248

Clinical Signs: Sorghum halapense

Back 248

Species affected: Cattle>sheep>horses>pigs ACUTE: (RESP, RBCs) onset: 30 mins to several days; duration: minutes to several hours; Signs: depression, lethargy, weakness, mild dyspnea, prostration, pulse weak and rapid, cyanosis, polyuria, metHb, abortion may occur 2-5 d.post toxicosis. Lesions:brown blood and tissues, color disappears in 5-8h post mortem, petichial--> eccymotic epicardial hemorrhages, pulmonary congestion. CHRONIC: (REPRO) signs: poor growth rate, abortion, infertility, decresed milk production, goiter in newborn. Lesion: placental necrosis

Hint 248

Johnson Grass

Front 249

Clinical Signs: Sorghum spp.

Back 249

Species affected: Cattle>sheep>horses>pigs ACUTE: (RESP, RBCs) onset: 30 mins to several days; duration: minutes to several hours; Signs: depression, lethargy, weakness, mild dyspnea, prostration, pulse weak and rapid, cyanosis, polyuria, metHb, abortion may occur 2-5 d.post toxicosis. Lesions:brown blood and tissues, color disappears in 5-8h post mortem, petichial--> eccymotic epicardial hemorrhages, pulmonary congestion. CHRONIC: (REPRO) signs: poor growth rate, abortion, infertility, decresed milk production, goiter in newborn. Lesion: placental necrosis

Hint 249

Sorghum,Sudex

Front 250

Clinical Signs: Zea Mays

Back 250

Species affected: Cattle>sheep>horses>pigs ACUTE: (RESP, RBCs) onset: 30 mins to several days; duration: minutes to several hours; Signs: depression, lethargy, weakness, mild dyspnea, prostration, pulse weak and rapid, cyanosis, polyuria, metHb, abortion may occur 2-5 d.post toxicosis. Lesions:brown blood and tissues, color disappears in 5-8h post mortem, petichial--> eccymotic epicardial hemorrhages, pulmonary congestion. CHRONIC: (REPRO) signs: poor growth rate, abortion, infertility, decresed milk production, goiter in newborn. Lesion: placental necrosis

Hint 250

Corn

Front 251

Clinical Signs: Claviceps spp.

Back 251

Species affected: C. purpurea → cattle and sheep most often but can affect all species; C. paspali → mainly cattle but can affect goats, horses, and sheep. ACUTE NERVOUS ERGOTISM: (CNS) onset: 1-5d signs: hyperexcitability, falling, incoordination, opisthotonus, ataxia w/ forelimb flexure, muscle tremors, clonic convulsions. CHRONIC GANGRENOUS ERGOTISM: (BLOOD VESSELS) onset time: 1wk; low morbidity and mortality; usually late fall or winter signs:lameness (hindlimbs 1st), anxiety, TRP poss. Increased, abortion (?), dearrhea, selling of coronary band, ataxia, feed refusal, sloughing of hooves, tails, ears, skin or teats, necrosis of tip of tongue in sheep. Lesions: swelling, ischemia, edema, thrombosis, necrosis of external extremities, GI tract ulceration and perforation. ERGOTISM IN SWINE: (REPRO) in last 2-4 wks of gestation; recovery 5-7d after clean feed substituted ; signs: feed refusal, gangrene (ears and nose), agalactia, sow appears healthy, festation shortened 3-5 d, abortion rare C.PASPALI SYNDROME: (CNS) onset:1-5 d. mostly in cattle; signs: hyperexcitability, ataxia, opisthotonus, tremors, falling, clonic convulsions,

Hint 251

ergot

Front 252

Clinical Signs: Festuca

Back 252

SUMMER SLUMP: (GENERALIZED ADR, NEUROENDOCRINE);affects cattle in summer primarily; signs:poor weight gain, decreased conception, heat intolerance, failure to shed winter hair, decreased immunity, increased body temp., nervousness, increased RR, increased salivation, diarrhea. FESCUE FOOT SYNDROME:(BLOOD VESSELS);affects cattle in late fall or winter; signs: arched back, shifting weight in rear leg, knuckling, lameness, sloughed hooves, rough hair coat, swelling and redness of coronary band or tip of tail, muscle tremors eliciting cough. FAT NECROSIS SYNDROME: (FAT) affects cattle of all ages; signs: scants feces, dystocia, rough hair coat, bloat, weight loss, decreased appetite; lesions: necrotic mesenteric fat is yellowish or chalky, white, irrecgular and hard. REPRODUCTION DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME: (REPRO); affects horses last month of gestation or early gestation in cattle (EED); signs: abortion,dystocia, dysmature weak or stillborn foals with feathered hooves and long thin torso, prolonged gestation (~27d), thickened placenta, retained agalactia.

Hint 252

Tall Fescue

Front 253

Clinical Signs: Taxus spp.

Back 253

Affects all animals but most commonly seen in cattle (HEART AND CNS (in dog)); onset 15min to 24 hrs; course <12hrs ; signs: sudden death, dyspnea bradycardia, convulsions possible in dogs, trembling, incoordination, depression/lethargy, diarrhea; lesions: yew in rumen or stomach, enlarged globular heart, possible increase in pericardial fluid, pulmonary edema, congestion

Hint 253

Japanese Yew

Front 254

Clinical Signs: Aesculus octandra

Back 254

Within about 16 hours of ingestion, will see goose stepping, saw horse stance and ataxia/incoordination. May also see hyperesthesia and seizures.

Hint 254

Yellow Buckeye

Front 255

Clinical Signs: Acer rubrum

Back 255

Within 1-3 days, weakness, polydipsia, hemoglobinuria and Heinz body formation.

Hint 255

Red Maple

Front 256

Clinical Signs: Quercus spp

Back 256

Within (usually) 5-7 days, will see anorexia, depression, mucus covered feces and rumen atony.Later signs include melena, icterus, kyphosis, and ventral edema.

Hint 256

Oak, Acorn

Front 257

Clinical Signs: Juglans nigra

Back 257

Laminitis in horses (the toxin interacts with hoof alpha 1 receptors). Also see increased TPR and respiratory difficulty.

Hint 257

Black Walnut

Front 258

Clinical Signs: Prunus spp

Back 258

Very fast (15-60min) onset of respiratory signs, especially in ruminants. Initial excitement is followed by severe dyspnea, jerky eyeballs, bright red mucus membranes and bright red blood. Blood is poor to clot. Breath and stomach contents smell of bitter almonds, or mousy.

Hint 258

Wild or Chokecherry

Front 259

Clinical Signs: Sorghum spp

Back 259

Very fast (15-60min) onset of respiratory signs, especially in ruminants. Initial excitement is followed by severe dyspnea, jerky eyeballs, bright red mucus membranes and bright red blood. Blood is poor to clot. Breath and stomach contents smell of bitter almonds, or mousy.

Hint 259

Johnson or Sudan Grass

Front 260

Clinical Signs: Sorghum spp

Back 260

Very fast (15-60min) onset of respiratory signs, especially in ruminants. Initial excitement is followed by severe dyspnea, jerky eyeballs, bright red mucus membranes and bright red blood. Blood is poor to clot. Breath and stomach contents smell of bitter almonds, or mousy.

Hint 260

Sudex or Sorghum

Front 261

Clinical Signs: Hypericum perforatum

Back 261

Primary photosensitization affects the skin, causing a sunburn type of reaction within 1-5 days of ingestion. Erythematous areas of low pigmented skin. Affects large animals mostly. May also see photophobia, pruritus, low grade fever, skin fissuring or sloghing, or coronitis.

Hint 261

St. Johnswort

Front 262

Clinical Signs: Fagopyrum sagittatum

Back 262

Primary photosensitization affects the skin, causing a sunburn type of reaction within 1-5 days of ingestion. Erythematous areas of low pigmented skin. Affects large animals mostly. May also see photophobia, pruritus, low grade fever, skin fissuring or sloghing, or coronitis.

Hint 262

Buckwheat

Front 263

Clinical Signs: Medicago sativa

Back 263

Primary photosensitization affects the skin, causing a sunburn type of reaction within 1-5 days of ingestion. Erythematous areas of low pigmented skin. Affects large animals mostly. May also see photophobia, pruritus, low grade fever, skin fissuring or sloghing, or coronitis.

Hint 263

Alfalfa

Front 264

Clinical Signs: Trifolium spp

Back 264

Primary photosensitization affects the skin, causing a sunburn type of reaction within 1-5 days of ingestion. Erythematous areas of low pigmented skin. Affects large animals mostly. May also see photophobia, pruritus, low grade fever, skin fissuring or sloghing, or coronitis.

Hint 264

White Clover

Front 265

Clinical Signs: Azalea spp.

Back 265

Systems: Heart, CNS, GI
Onset time: about 4-6 hours post ingestion
Major signs: salivation and burning sensation in mouth ---> leads to emesis, diarrhea, muscle weakness and impaired vision
CV effects that can be lethal: Bradycardia, hypotension (due to vasodilation) and AV block
Cattle- projectile vomiting (one of the few things that will cause cattle to do this), bloat, abdominal pain, grind teeth -- stagger, collapse
Sheep/Goats - ooze ingesta from mouth --- other signs same as cattle (will likely end up with aspiration pneumonia)
Horses- can't vomit -- very painful retching
All: dyspnea, depression, and prostration; death in 1-2 days

Hint 265

Azalea

Front 266

Clinical Signs: Kalmia latifolia

Back 266

Systems: Heart, CNS, GI
Onset time: about 4-6 hours post ingestion
Major signs: salivation and burning sensation in mouth ---> leads to emesis, diarrhea, muscle weakness and impaired vision
CV effects that can be lethal: Bradycardia, hypotension (due to vasodilation) and AV block
Cattle- projectile vomiting (one of the few things that will cause cattle to do this), bloat, abdominal pain, grind teeth -- stagger, collapse
Sheep/Goats - ooze ingesta from mouth --- other signs same as cattle (will likely end up with aspiration pneumonia)
Horses- can't vomit -- very painful retching
All: dyspnea, depression, and prostration; death in 1-2 days

Hint 266

Mountain Laurel; Sheep Laurel

Front 267

Clinical Signs: Rhododendron maximum

Back 267

Systems: Heart, CNS, GI
Onset time: about 4-6 hours post ingestion
Major signs: salivation and burning sensation in mouth ---> leads to emesis, diarrhea, muscle weakness and impaired vision
CV effects that can be lethal: Bradycardia, hypotension (due to vasodilation) and AV block
Cattle- projectile vomiting (one of the few things that will cause cattle to do this), bloat, abdominal pain, grind teeth -- stagger, collapse
Sheep/Goats - ooze ingesta from mouth --- other signs same as cattle (will likely end up with aspiration pneumonia)
Horses- can't vomit -- very painful retching
All: dyspnea, depression, and prostration; death in 1-2 days

Hint 267

Rhododendron

Front 268

Clinical Signs: Cicuta maculata

Back 268

System: CNS
Onset time: 30-60 min
toxic to all classes of livestock
violent CNS tetanic convulsions
salivation, temors, twitching leading to convulsions
champing of jaws, coma, death
Respiratory distress due to convulsions: dyspnea, asphyxia
pupil dilated, may see increased body temp and severe abdom. pain

Hint 268

Water Hemlock

Front 269

Clinical Signs: Toxicodendron radicans

Back 269

N/A

Hint 269

Poison Ivy

Front 270

Clinical Signs: Toxicodendron quercifolium

Back 270

N/A - some dogs may get slight irritation on underbelly and nose

Hint 270

Poison Oak

Front 271

Treatment: Cannabis sativa

Back 271

Tx is symptomatic; use diazepam or phenothiazine if hyperesthetic, prevent extraneous stimuli

Hint 271

marijuana

Front 272

Treatment: Calcium Oxalate plants Dieffenbachia spp.

Back 272

Tx is to rinse mouth with milk or water, & use demulcents to protect GI. Fluids, analgesics, emetics, antihistamines PRN.

Hint 272

Dumb cane

Front 273

Treatment: Calcium Oxalate plants Philodendren spp.

Back 273

Tx is to rinse mouth with milk or water, & use demulcents to protect GI. Fluids, analgesics, emetics, antihistamines PRN.

Hint 273

split leaf philodendren

Front 274

Treatment: Calcium Oxalate plants Caladium spp.

Back 274

Tx is to rinse mouth with milk or water, & use demulcents to protect GI. Fluids, analgesics, emetics, antihistamines PRN.

Hint 274

Caladium; Elephant ear

Front 275

Treatment: Calcium Oxalate plants Arisaema spp

Back 275

Tx is to rinse mouth with milk or water, & use demulcents to protect GI. Fluids, analgesics, emetics, antihistamines PRN.

Hint 275

Jack in the pulpit

Front 276

Treatment: Aloe vera

Back 276

Treatment is symptomatic - fluids.

Hint 276

aloe

Front 277

Treatment: Bulbs Tulipia spp.

Back 277

Treatment is symptomatic - fluids, metaclopromide for antiemesis, GI demulcents

Hint 277

tulip

Front 278

Treatment: Bulbs Iris spp.

Back 278

Treatment is symptomatic - fluids, metaclopromide for antiemesis, GI demulcents

Hint 278

iris; flags

Front 279

Treatment: Bulbs Narcissus spp.

Back 279

Treatment is symptomatic - fluids, metaclopromide for antiemesis, GI demulcents

Hint 279

daffodils

Front 280

Treatment: Pinus spp

Back 280

Treatment: Symptomatic

Hint 280

Christmas Tree

Front 281

Treatment: Lilium longiflorum (Lilium spp.)

Back 281

Treatment: Symptomatic; isotonic saline diuresis at 2x maintenance for 48hrs, Metoclopramide for vomiting

Hint 281

Easter lily and Asiatic lily, respectively

Front 282

Treatment: Nicotiana tabacum

Back 282

–Lavage and give Activated Charcoal
–Assist ventilation
–Stabilize HR and BP; Fluids and Electrolytes
–Atropine to control over stimulation of parasympathetic nervous system

Hint 282

Tobacco

Front 283

Treatment: Phoradendron flavescens

Back 283

–Much same as for Cardiac Glycosides:
–GI Detoxification: emesis, lavage, activated charcoal and saline cathartic
–Supportive Care: monitor serum K+, ECG
»Lidocaine or Phenytoin for arrhythmias»Fluids and Electrolytes
»Digibind (Ab prep from Glaxo) for severe cases
–Lavage and Activated Charcoal
–Oral and IV fluids and electrolytes
–Atropine to help the bradycardia
–Steroids

Hint 283

Mistletoe

Front 284

Treatment: Poinsettia pulcherrima

Back 284

–Remove plant, rinse mouth and/or lavage
–Coat GI tract with demulcent
–Fluids as required
–Bland diet for few days

Hint 284

Poinsettia

Front 285

Treatment: Ilex opaca

Back 285

–Symptomatic and supportive care
–Rinse out mouth
»Can use milk to help coat GI
–Activated Charcoal
–Fluids and Electrolytes

Hint 285

American Holly

Front 286

Treatment: Amanita muscaria

Back 286

1. Muscarinic-early oral decontamination (activated charcoal) & Atropine 0.2-2mg/kg to change respiratory rate & secretions
2. Isoxazole: also oral decontamination; aggressive supportive care → recovery within 12-24 hours; Diazepam with adequate ventilation provided (or possibly other anti-seizure drug)

Hint 286

Fly mushroom, Amanita

Front 287

Treatment: Amanita spp.

Back 287

Emesis or lavage; activated charcoal in multiple doses; fluids & electrolytes; treat hepatic insufficiency; Penicillin G

Hint 287

Destroying Angel

Front 288

Treatment: Psilocybe

Back 288

oral decontamination via lavage & activated charcoal; Diazepam or Phenobarbital for seizures

Hint 288

Sacred Mushroom (hallucinogens)

Front 289

Treatment: Paneolus

Back 289

oral decontamination via lavage & activated charcoal; Diazepam or Phenobarbital for seizures

Hint 289

Sacred Mushroom
(hallucinogens)

Front 290

Treatment: Digitalis purpurea

Back 290

*Decontaminate GI: emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, saline or osmotic cathartic
*Supportive care: monitor & treat serum K+ as needed, monitor ECG; phenytoin or Lidocaine for arrhythmias; fluids & electrolytes; if severe, use Digibind (antibody prep to bind digitalis & oleandrin)

Hint 290

Foxglove, Digitalis

Front 291

Treatment: Nerium oleander

Back 291

Same as Digitalis purpurea
*Decontaminate GI: emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, saline or osmotic cathartic
*Supportive care: monitor & treat serum K+ as needed, monitor ECG; phenytoin or Lidocaine for arrhythmias; fluids & electrolytes; if severe, use Digibind (antibody prep to bind digitalis & oleandrin)

Hint 291

Oleander

Front 292

Treatment: Convallaria majalis

Back 292

Same as Digitalis purpurea
*Decontaminate GI: emesis, lavage, activated charcoal, saline or osmotic cathartic
*Supportive care: monitor & treat serum K+ as needed, monitor ECG; phenytoin or Lidocaine for arrhythmias; fluids & electrolytes; if severe, use Digibind (antibody prep to bind digitalis & oleandrin)

Hint 292

Lilly of the Valley

Front 293

Treatment: Sorghum halapense

Back 293

Methylene blue or ascorbic acid as reducing agent, activated charcoal and cold water.

Hint 293

Johnson Grass

Front 294

Treatment: Sorghum spp.

Back 294

Methylene blue or ascorbic acid as reducing agent, activated charcoal and cold water.

Hint 294

Sorghum,Sudex

Front 295

Treatment: Zea Mays

Back 295

Methylene blue or ascorbic acid as reducing agent, activated charcoal and cold water.

Hint 295

Corn

Front 296

Treatment: Claviceps spp.

Back 296

remove source, clip heads from pasture grass sources, antibiotics for gangrene

Hint 296

ergot

Front 297

Treatment: Festuca

Back 297

remove fescue, antibiotics for gangrene, domperidone 1.1mg/kg for mares past foaling date or for agalactic post partem mare.

Hint 297

Tall Fescue

Front 298

Treatment: Taxus spp.

Back 298

avoid overstimulation and walk slowly to an area where IM atropine can be administered without restraint, after drug begins working (~10 mins) give activated charcoal and saline cathartic; check horse for bradycardia before giving atropine.

Hint 298

Japanese Yew

Front 299

Treatment: Aesculus octandra

Back 299

Treatment is to detoxify by removing the nuts from the rumen (lavage, if possible), activated charcoal and cathartics. Supportive care (acepromazine, xylazine, and B vitamins).

Hint 299

Yellow Buckeye

Front 300

Treatment: Acer rubrum

Back 300

No specific treatment is available, but provide aggressive supportive care (fluids, ascorbic acid).

Hint 300

Red Maple

Front 301

Treatment: Quercus spp

Back 301

Treatment is to restore renal perfusion, fluid volume, and rumen motility.

Hint 301

Oak, Acorn

Front 302

Treatment: Juglans nigra

Back 302

Treat laminitis aggressively with NSAIDs, pazosin/nifedipine for vasodilation to hooves, and placing in a sand stall or on special shoes to reduce weight to the hoof lamina.

Hint 302

Black Walnut

Front 303

Treatment: Prunus spp

Back 303

Treatment goal is to restore cellular respiration. Create a mild nitrite toxicity to combat the CN. 20% sodium nitrite and 5% sodium thiosulfate IV as a single injection. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Methemoglobin has a greater affinitiy for CN than cytochrome oxidase, pulling the CN of the cytochromes. Cyanomethemoglobin forms, restoring cellular respiration. Thiosulfate helps liver enzyme rhodanese to form nontoxic thiocyanate, which is excreted.

Hint 303

Wild or Chokecherry

Front 304

Treatment: Sorghum spp

Back 304

Treatment goal is to restore cellular respiration. Create a mild nitrite toxicity to combat the CN. 20% sodium nitrite and 5% sodium thiosulfate IV as a single injection. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Methemoglobin has a greater affinitiy for CN than cytochrome oxidase, pulling the CN of the cytochromes. Cyanomethemoglobin forms, restoring cellular respiration. Thiosulfate helps liver enzyme rhodanese to form nontoxic thiocyanate, which is excreted.

Hint 304

Johnson or Sudan Grass

Front 305

Treatment: Sorghum spp

Back 305

Treatment goal is to restore cellular respiration. Create a mild nitrite toxicity to combat the CN. 20% sodium nitrite and 5% sodium thiosulfate IV as a single injection. Nitrates are converted to nitrite, and nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin. Methemoglobin has a greater affinitiy for CN than cytochrome oxidase, pulling the CN of the cytochromes. Cyanomethemoglobin forms, restoring cellular respiration. Thiosulfate helps liver enzyme rhodanese to form nontoxic thiocyanate, which is excreted.

Hint 305

Sudex or Sorghum

Front 306

Treatment: Hypericum perforatum

Back 306

To treat, avoid further sun exposure for 7-10 days, and treat with topical antihistamines, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Protective ointments (aloe and zinc oxide) also helpful.

Hint 306

St. Johnswort

Front 307

Treatment: Fagopyrum sagittatum

Back 307

To treat, avoid further sun exposure for 7-10 days, and treat with topical antihistamines, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Protective ointments (aloe and zinc oxide) also helpful.

Hint 307

Buckwheat

Front 308

Treatment: Medicago sativa

Back 308

To treat, avoid further sun exposure for 7-10 days, and treat with topical antihistamines, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Protective ointments (aloe and zinc oxide) also helpful.

Hint 308

Alfalfa

Front 309

Treatment: Trifolium spp

Back 309

To treat, avoid further sun exposure for 7-10 days, and treat with topical antihistamines, corticosteroids, and antibiotics for secondary infections. Protective ointments (aloe and zinc oxide) also helpful.

Hint 309

White Clover

Front 310

Treatment: Azalea spp.

Back 310

Detoxification - Emetic/Lavage as needed (lavage hard with fibrous leaves in rumen)
Activated Charcoal (1-2 gm/kg) repeatedly on first day
Consider rumenotomy in some animals to remove tough fibrous material
Supportive Care:
Fluids, electrolytes and warmth
respiratory support as needed
Atropine for bradycardia
Isoproterenol or Na Channel Blockers (eg Quinidine) to treat heartblock

Hint 310

Azalea

Front 311

Treatment: Kalmia latifolia

Back 311

Detoxification - Emetic/Lavage as needed (lavage hard with fibrous leaves in rumen)
Activated Charcoal (1-2 gm/kg) repeatedly on first day
Consider rumenotomy in some animals to remove tough fibrous material
Supportive Care:
Fluids, electrolytes and warmth
respiratory support as needed
Atropine for bradycardia
Isoproterenol or Na Channel Blockers (eg Quinidine) to treat heartblock

Hint 311

Mountain Laurel; Sheep Laurel

Front 312

Treatment: Rhododendron maximum

Back 312

Detoxification - Emetic/Lavage as needed (lavage hard with fibrous leaves in rumen)
Activated Charcoal (1-2 gm/kg) repeatedly on first day
Consider rumenotomy in some animals to remove tough fibrous material
Supportive Care:
Fluids, electrolytes and warmth
respiratory support as needed
Atropine for bradycardia
Isoproterenol or Na Channel Blockers (eg Quinidine) to treat heartblock

Hint 312

Rhododendron

Front 313

Treatment: Cicuta maculata

Back 313

often of little value due to rapid course of disease and extreme toxicity
#1 job is to try to stop control convulsions: (diazepam won't help)--- use Pentobarbital
Respiratory support - intubate and ventilate
Lavage - work quickly and vigorously
May need to consider an emergency rumenotomy (leaves will come up a rumen tube)
Activated charcoal - (1-2 gm/kg) repeat as needed

Hint 313

Water Hemlock

Front 314

Treatment: Toxicodendron radicans

Back 314

N/A

Hint 314

Poison Ivy

Front 315

Treatment: Toxicodendron quercifolium

Back 315

N/A

Hint 315

Poison Oak