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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Koch's postulates is a method of establishing what?
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Establishing specific microbes cause specific diseases.
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What are the 4 requirements of Koch's postulates?
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1. Pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.
2. Pathogen must be isolated in pure culture 3. Isolated pathogen must cause the same disease in a healthy lab animal 4. Pathogen must be REISOLATED from the infected animal and shown to be identical to the original. |
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 1st one?
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1. Viruses and some bacteria cannot be grown on artificial media.
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 2nd one?
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2. Some diseases are caused by multiple/variety of microbes
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 3rd one?
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3. No suitable experimental host
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 4th one?
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4. Disease might result from more than one causative agent acting in unison
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 5th one?
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5. Some pathogens cause several different diseases
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Out of 6 exceptions of Koch's postulates, what is the 6th one?
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Ethical considerations (e.g. human pathogens)
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Define a symptom, in regards to diseases.
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Subjective changes in body functions (e.g. headache, pain)
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Define signs, in regards to diseases
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Measurable (objective) changes in then body (swelling, WBC increase)
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Define diagnosis, in regards to diseases.
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Identification of disease based on signs and symptoms.
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What is a syndrome?
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A specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompanies a specific disease.
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What is a communicable disease?
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TRANSMITTED directly or indirectly from one host to another (e.g. chicken pox, STD's)
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What is a contagious disease?
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Easily spread from one person to another (e.g. chicken pox & measles).
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What is a noncommunicable disease?
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Microbe that resides outside of the body and only when introduced to the body it will cause a disease outside of its norms (e.g. tetanus)
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Which term is used as an indicator of the spread of the disease based on a given time?
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Incidence
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Which term is used as an indicator of how serious and how long a disease affects a population?
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Prevalence
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Disease occurrence is based on what 2 factors?
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Incidence & Prevalence
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Define incidence based on disease occurrences.
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Number of contractions of a certain disease based on a given time.
**new cases |
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Define prevalence based on disease occurrences.
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Measurement of ALL individuals who contracted the disease.
**new and old cases |
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Diseases are classified by the __________ of occurrences.
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Frequency`
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How often is sporadic?
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Occurs occasionally
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How often is an endemic?
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Constantly present in a population
Example: Malaria is an endemic in Africa. |
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How often is an epidemic?
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Many people get sick in a short period of time
Example: Flu outbreak |
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How often is a Pandemic?
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Global epidemic
Example: AIDS |
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What are the 4 terms that describe the scope of a disease?
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1. Acute
2. Chronic 3. Subacute 4. Latent |
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What is the scope of an "acute" disease?
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Develops rapidly and has a short duration
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What is the scope of a "chronic" disease?
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Continual and recurrent
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What is a "latent" pathogen?
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Inactive & dormant pathogen that has the potential or will cause a disease.
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What is a "herd immunity"?
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Immunity of a disease in most of population
Example: Americans and Tetanus |
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What is the range of a local infection?
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Affects a small area of the body
Example: cysts |
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What is the range of a systemic infection?
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Spreads throughout the body via circulatory system,.
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What is a secondary infection?
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Another infection that occurs after the host is weakened from the primary infection
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What is a sub-clinical/inapparent infection?
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Contraction of a disease but does not display any signs of the disease.
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What is a predisposing factor?
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A factor that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease.
Example: age, sex, race, level of FATIGUE, IMMUNOCOMPROMISED |
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What is an incubation period?
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Time interval between the initial infection and the firs appearance of signs and symptoms.
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What is a prodromal period?
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Characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms
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What is the "period of decline"?
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Signs and symptoms decrease
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What is the "period of convalescence"?
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Body returns to its prediseased state and health is restored
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What are the 5 periods of the development of a disease?
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1. Incubation period
2. Prodromal period 3. Period of illness 4. Period of decline 5. Period of convalescence |