Topics To Know For Biology Lecture Exam 2 (Chapter 4, Chapter 5, And The Plasma Membrane)

Front 1

Definition of cell:

Back 1

fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms, and arise from pre-existing cells by division.

Front 2

Explain what cell theory is:

Back 2

That all organisms are composed of one or more cells (life processes of metabolism and heredity occur), cell are the smallest living things, cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

Front 3

The which three Germans is the most credit due for it conceptualization?

Back 3

1. Matthias Schleiden
2. Theodor Schwann
3. Rudolf Virchow

Front 4

What are the range of cell sizes?

Back 4

Most cells are small (microscopic) for reasons related to diffusion of substances in and out of cells. They range from .1nm Hydrogen atom to 1m adult human

Front 5

The rate of diffuse is affected by what four variables?

Back 5

1. surface area available
2. temperature
3. concentration gradient
4. distance

Front 6

Draw and label a Prokaryotic Cell:

Back 6

paper

Front 7

Draw and label a Eukaryotic Cell:

Back 7

paper

Front 8

What is the nucleus?

Back 8

1. located in central region of the cell.
2. repository of the genetic information that enables the synthesis of nearly all proteins of a living cell

Front 9

What is the cytoplasm?

Back 9

the jello like stuff that surrounds the whole inside of the cell. It contains all of the sugars, amino acids, and proteins the cell uses to carry out its everyday activities.

Front 10

What is the cell membrane?

Back 10

It is the part that encloses the cell and separates its contents from its surroundings. It is surrounded by proteins that help it interact with the environment.

Front 11

How is the nucleus set off from the cytoplasm?

Back 11

by the rough endoplasmic reticulum. rough by the presence or ribosomes.

Front 12

What happens at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

Back 12

proteins are synthesized on the surface and then sent out out of cell.

Front 13

How does the nucleus retain its connections to the rest of the cell?

Back 13

it is the one thing that 1 contain the DNA but also lets enables the synthesizing of proteins to take place.

Front 14

We call any discrete macromolecular structure in the cytoplasm specialized for a particular function a what?

Back 14

an organelle

Front 15

The part of the cytoplasm that contains organic molecules and ions in solution to is called what?

Back 15

cytosol

Front 16

What are all the organelles found in a Eukaryotic cell?

Back 16

1. ribosomes 2. endoplasmic reticulum 3. golgi bodies 4. vesicles 5. mitochondria 6. lysozomes 7. peroxisomes 8. centrioles 9. microtubules 10. inclusions 11. flagella

Front 17

What are the major organelles and where are they located?

Back 17

cell wall, Cytosol, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Chloroplast, Ribosome, Lysosome

Front 18

What is the cell walls function?

Back 18

1.Selective Barrier

2.Transport of cellular nutrients and waste

3.Recognition of cellular signals

Front 19

What is the function of cytosol?

Back 19

1.Interior matrix of cell

2.Contains cellular molecules, macromolecules such as enzymes, lipids, carbohydrates, and RNA

3.Organized and compartmentalized

Front 20

What is the function of the nucleus?

Back 20

1.Largest organelle

2.Contains chromosomes

3.Chromosomes consist of DNA and Protein

4.Organized by protein matrix

Front 21

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Back 21

1.Contains the Kreb cycle and electron transport system

2.Major site of ATP synthesis

3.Involved with cellular “self destruct” called Apoptosis

Front 22

Whats is the function of the Chloroplast?

Back 22

1.Contains the Photosynthetic systems

2.Responsible for converting light energy to chemical energy

Front 23

what is the function of the Ribosome?

Back 23

1.Composed of RNA and proteins

2.Responsible for synthesizing protein molecules

Front 24

What is the function of the Lysosome?

Back 24

1Contains digestive enzymes that break up proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

2.Responsible for removing waste molecules and recycling molecular subunits

Front 25

what are the 3 characteristics of the cell membrane?

Back 25

1. basic membrane referred to as phospholipid bilayer
2. protein molecules(either peripheral or integral)
3. cholesterol
3.

Front 26

whats the difference between a peripheral or integral protein?

Back 26

peripheral- proteins are found on the inner membrane surface
integral- proteins are partially or wholly embedded in the membrane

Front 27

What is easy to get allowed into the plasma membrane?

Back 27

small ions, certain fat-bound molecules. Non-polar molecules are more likely to get in.

Front 28

What did the early model portray the membrane to be like and who invented that?

Back 28

"the protein sandwich" Phospholipids bounded by proteins Hugh Davson & James Danielli

Front 29

The "fluid mosaic model" changed the way of thinking about the early membrane model by doing what?

Back 29

1972: Fluid-Mosaic Model--Seymour Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson.
The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in association with proteins (integral proteins).

Front 30

Cell membranes are assembled from what 4 components?

Back 30

1.phospholipid bilayer
2. transmembrane proteins
3.interior protein network
4.cell-surface markers

Front 31

What is the function of the phospholipid bilayer?

Back 31

it excludes water-soluble molecules from non-polar interior of bi-layer and cell.
Function: provides permeability barrier, matrix for proteins

Front 32

What is the function of the Transmembrane proteins?

Back 32

There are 3 types:
1. carriers
2. channels
3. receptors
collection of proteins that float in the lipid bilayer they transport and communicate across the membrane, some fixed or not fixed.

Front 33

What is the function of the Interior protein network?

Back 33

reinforce the membranes shape consist of spectrins and clathrins

Front 34

What is the function of the cell-surface markers?

Back 34

to recognize what tissues are which

Front 35

What does it mean to be differential permeable?

Back 35

cell membrane only allows certain things through

Front 36

List the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cells:

Back 36

1) Size: Eukaryotic cells are much larger and more complex.
2) Nucleus: Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.
3) Structure of DNA: Eukaryotic DNA is linear while prokaryotic DNA is circular. Also, Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes and is complexed with specialized proteins called histones. In Contrast, prokaryotic DNA does not have histones associated with it and prokaryotic DNA does not form chromosomes.
4) Ribosome Structure: Eukaryotic ribosomes are much larger than prokaryotic ribosomes.
5) Organelles: The cytoplasm of prokaryotes does not contain any organelles.

Front 37

List the similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cells:

Back 37

1) Enclosed by plasma membranes.

2) Contain ribosomes.

3) Have DNA.

4) Filled with cytoplasm.

Front 38

What are the 3 domains of life?

Back 38

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. Eukarya

Front 39

What are the similarities and differences of the 3 domains of life?

Back 39

Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotes and have a cell wall; Eukarya are eukaryotes, and not all have a cell wall. The Eukarya share similarities in membrane structure with Bacteria, but, among those that have cell walls, share a similarities in cell wall structure with Archaea. This has led to the hypothesis that Eukarya arose through a fusion of a Bacteria and an Archaea.

Front 40

What is the importance of ion channels?

Back 40

they are important so that ions can diffuse through the channel in either direction depending on the relative concentration across the membrane. They play an essential role in signaling by the nervous system. have Aquaporins
which are like the plumbers for the cell, regulating the flow of water

Front 41

What are the 3 major types of intercellular junctions?

Back 41

1.adhesion
2. tight
3. gap

Front 42

What is an adhesion junction?

Back 42

connect the actin filaments of one cell with those of neighboring cells

Front 43

What is a tight junction?

Back 43

connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet. the sheets at as walls keeping molecules on one side or the other.

Front 44

What is a gap junction?

Back 44

when the plasma membrane channels are joined allows small substances through but not larger ones

Front 45

What does it mean to be differential permeable?

Back 45

cell membrane only allows certain things through

Front 46

List the differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cells:

Back 46

1) Size: Eukaryotic cells are much larger and more complex.
2) Nucleus: Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, while eukaryotic cells do.
3) Structure of DNA: Eukaryotic DNA is linear while prokaryotic DNA is circular. Also, Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromosomes and is complexed with specialized proteins called histones. In Contrast, prokaryotic DNA does not have histones associated with it and prokaryotic DNA does not form chromosomes.
4) Ribosome Structure: Eukaryotic ribosomes are much larger than prokaryotic ribosomes.
5) Organelles: The cytoplasm of prokaryotes does not contain any organelles.

Front 47

List the similarities between Prokaryotes and Eukaryote cells:

Back 47

1) Enclosed by plasma membranes.

2) Contain ribosomes.

3) Have DNA.

4) Filled with cytoplasm.

Front 48

What are the 3 domains of life?

Back 48

1. bacteria
2. archaea
3. Eukarya

Front 49

What are the similarities and differences of the 3 domains of life?

Back 49

Archaea and Bacteria are both prokaryotes and have a cell wall; Eukarya are eukaryotes, and not all have a cell wall. The Eukarya share similarities in membrane structure with Bacteria, but, among those that have cell walls, share a similarities in cell wall structure with Archaea. This has led to the hypothesis that Eukarya arose through a fusion of a Bacteria and an Archaea.

Front 50

What is the importance of ion channels?

Back 50

they are important so that ions can diffuse through the channel in either direction depending on the relative concentration across the membrane. They play an essential role in signaling by the nervous system. have Aquaporins
which are like the plumbers for the cell, regulating the flow of water

Front 51

What are the 3 major types of intercellular junctions?

Back 51

1.adhesion
2. tight
3. gap

Front 52

What is an adhesion junction?

Back 52

connect the actin filaments of one cell with those of neighboring cells

Front 53

What is a tight junction?

Back 53

connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet. the sheets at as walls keeping molecules on one side or the other.

Front 54

What is a gap junction?

Back 54

when the plasma membrane channels are joined allows small substances through but not larger ones

Front 55

How to cells stick together?

Back 55

by the components of the cell membrane.A tight junction fuses cells together (this is only present in vertebrates), while a gap junction consists of pairs of channels fused (in animal cells). Plasmodesma fuses plant cells together.

Front 56

What is a Hypertonic solution?

Back 56

Concentration of solute lower than on other side
Cells placed in a hypotonic solution will swell
May cause cells to break – Lysis

Front 57

What is a Hypotonic solution?

Back 57

Concentration of solute higher than on other side
Cells placed in a hypertonic solution will shrink –
Plasmolysis in plants, crenation in rbc’s

Front 58

What is a isotonic solution?

Back 58

Solute and water concentrations equal on both sides of membrane

Front 59

What are the six major types of the membrane proteins?

Back 59

1. channel proteins
2. carrier proteins
3. cell recognition proteins
4. receptor proteins
5.Enzymatin proteins
6. junction proteins

Front 60

Describe the channel proteins:

Back 60

Tubular
Allow passage of molecules through membrane
Ion and water channels

Front 61

Describe the carrier proteins:

Back 61

Combine with substance to be transported
Assist passage of molecules through membrane
Glucose transporting

Front 62

Describe the cell recognition proteins:

Back 62

Provides unique chemical ID for cells
Help body recognize foreign substances
Blood types, MHC

Front 63

Describe the receptor proteins:

Back 63

Binds with messenger molecule
Causes cell to respond to message
Hormonal responses, cell movement, endocytosis

Front 64

Describe the enzymatic proteins:

Back 64

Carry out metabolic reactions directly

Front 65

Describe Junction proteins:

Back 65

Join adjacent cells (desmosomes)
Strength, structure, communication

Front 66

What is the MHC and why is it important?

Back 66

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition.control the immune response through recognition of "self" and "non-self"

Front 67

Where is the MHC located?

Back 67

located on human chromosome 6.

Front 68

What are the four types of transportation across the plasma membrane?

Back 68

1. diffusion
2. facilitated transport
3. active transport
4. bulk transport

Front 69

What types of transportation don't use energy?

Back 69

1. diffusion
2. facilitated transport
passive

Front 70

What types of transportation use energy?

Back 70

3. active transport
4. bulk transport
active

Front 71

Describe the modern cell theory:

Back 71

1.The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.
2.All cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
3.Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
4.Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division.
5.All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.
6.All known living things are made up of one or more cells.
7.Some organisms are made up of only one cell and are known as unicellular organisms.
8.Others are multicellular, composed of a number of cells.
9.The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.

Front 72

What is the function of the mitochondria? and what types of cells are they found in?

Back 72

found in all eukaryotic cells. contains its own DNA (circular) and makes proteins for its unique functions, not new ones are made the old ones just divide to make new cell. Bound by membranes.

Front 73

What is the function of chloroplast? and what types of cells is it found in?

Back 73

found in plant cells and some other eukaryotes. used to cary out photosynthesis. have own DNA (circular)

Front 74

What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? and in what types of cells is it found in?

Back 74

composed of phospholipid bi-layer embedded with proteins. Rough ER (with ribosomes)—protein synthesis
Smooth ER (without ribosomes)—modify polypeptides with lipids, etc.; detoxifying. found in all cells. membrane bound.

Front 75

What is the function of the golgi bodies? and what types of cell is it found in?

Back 75

finctions include: collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesis at one location to another. membranous disks modifying polypeptides with lipids.

Front 76

What is the function of lysosomes and what types of cells are they found in?

Back 76

sacs containing enzymes for breaking down items (i.e., toxins)

Front 77

Whats is the function of vesicles and where are they found?

Back 77

membranous sacs storing products or transporting products (some from golgi)

Front 78

What are the functions of vacuoles and where are they found?

Back 78

found only in plant cells. Membrane-bounded structures in plants
Various functions depending on the cell type

Front 79

Whats is the function of peroxisomes and where are they found?

Back 79

sacs containing enzymes breaking long fatty acid chainsH2O2

Front 80

What is the function of spindle fibers and where are they found?

Back 80

in cell division, spindle fibres are what the centromere of chromosomes attach to. since there is one spindle fibre per chromosome, it also helps keep them separate from one another. the contractions of the spindle fibres pull the chromosomes (mitosis, meiosis

Front 81

Describe the three different types of vacuoles?

Back 81

Central vacuole in plant cells
Contractile vacuole of some protists
Storage vacuoles

Front 82

What is the function of centrioles and where are they found?

Back 82

for maneuving chromosomes during mitosis

Front 83

What is the function of asters and where are they found?

Back 83

Asters are microtubules(components of the cellular cytoskeleton) produced by centrioles. Their function is to hold the two centrioles in place at the two poles of the cell during cell division(mitosis)

Front 84

What are ribosomes and in what cells are they found?

Back 84

Cell’s protein synthesis machinery
Found in all cell types in all 3 domains
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)-protein complex
Protein synthesis also requires messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomes may be free in cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes

Front 85

What does the nucleus do?

Back 85

Repository of the genetic information
Most eukaryotic cells possess a single nucleus
Nucleolus – region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

Front 86

Do all cells have a nucleus?

Back 86

nope, Red blood cells are the only cells in the human body that do not have a nucleus. As a result, they cannot divide and so are produced in bone marrow

Front 87

What is the nucleolus?

Back 87

region where ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place

Front 88

What is found in the nucleus?

Back 88

Nuclear envelope
2 phospholipid bilayers
Nuclear pores – control passage in and out

Front 89

What is found in the nucleolus?

Back 89

ribosomal assembly areas where the RNA molecules cluster together before being sent of to get synthesis.

Front 90

Whats is diffusion? and is energy needed?

Back 90

net movement of substance from regions of high concentration to low concentration. energy not required.

Front 91

What is facilitated diffusion? and is energy needed?

Back 91

where molecules are be diffused through certain channels. Small molecules
Can’t get through membrane lipids
Combine with carrier proteins
Follow concentration gradient.
2. no energy required

Front 92

What is osmosis and is energy required?

Back 92

no energy required. The net diffusion of water across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration.

Front 93

What is hypertonic? hypotonic? and isotonic?

Back 93

1.more than
2. less than
3. equal

Front 94

What is happening in an active transport process?

Back 94

Small molecules
Move against concentration gradient
Combining with carrier proteins
Requires energy

Front 95

What is used for energy in the active transport process?

Back 95

ATP

Front 96

Describe what a pump is:

Back 96

Na+/K+ pump uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ in. 1/3 of our Energy Use!!

Front 97

what is direct transport and coupled transport?

Back 97

“Direct transport”—uses energy directly
Coupled transport—Energy stored by intermediate molecule as another molecule moves down its concentration gradient. Uptake of glucose against gradient by using Na+ gradient.

Front 98

What is endocytosis?

Back 98

– Cells engulf substances into pouch which becomes a vesicle

Front 99

What is pinocytosis?

Back 99

Liquid or small, solid particles go into vesicle

Front 100

What is phagocytosis?

Back 100

Large, solid material into vesicle

Front 101

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 101

Specific form of pinocytosis using a coated pit

Front 102

What is exocytosis?

Back 102

Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and secrete contents

Front 103

explain coupled transport:

Back 103

Another transmembrane protein
transports Na+ down its concentration gradient (into the cell) while also taking along
a glucose molecule (against its gradient)

Hence, ATP was used to get the
Na+ gradient in the first place.
Therefore, co-transport.

Front 104

About how much of our daily energy is used to power these pumps?

Back 104

1/3-2/3

Front 105

what is transcytosis and what human disease has taken advantage of it?

Back 105

Transcytosis is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. Vesicles are employed to intake the macromolecules on one side of the cell, draw them across the cell, and eject them on the other side. ...AIDS!

Front 106

what is direct transport and coupled transport?

Back 106

“Direct transport”—uses energy directly
Coupled transport—Energy stored by intermediate molecule as another molecule moves down its concentration gradient. Uptake of glucose against gradient by using Na+ gradient.

Front 107

What is endocytosis?

Back 107

– Cells engulf substances into pouch which becomes a vesicle

Front 108

What is pinocytosis?

Back 108

Liquid or small, solid particles go into vesicle

Front 109

What is phagocytosis?

Back 109

Large, solid material into vesicle

Front 110

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Back 110

Specific form of pinocytosis using a coated pit

Front 111

What is exocytosis?

Back 111

Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and secrete contents

Front 112

explain coupled transport:

Back 112

Another transmembrane protein
transports Na+ down its concentration gradient (into the cell) while also taking along
a glucose molecule (against its gradient)

Hence, ATP was used to get the
Na+ gradient in the first place.
Therefore, co-transport.

Front 113

About how much of our daily energy is used to power these pumps?

Back 113

1/3-2/3

Front 114

what is transcytosis and what human disease has taken advantage of it?

Back 114

Transcytosis is the process by which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell. Vesicles are employed to intake the macromolecules on one side of the cell, draw them across the cell, and eject them on the other side. ...AIDS!