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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Docetism |
-Jesus did not actually have a body, just appeared to. -T4, He didn't suffer nor die -Denies resurrection & ascension into heaven CRITICISM: too much of a concession to Platonism (devalues the body) - body & blood = necessary for salvation - God unites with human... that union saves us |
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Council of Nicaea (325) |
- rejects Arianism - Son = the Father (Homoousios) - Son and Father = diff persons but same status - Son = generation, NOT created |
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Arius |
- Son had a beginning, T4 not eternal - Jesus was created, T4 a creature - No creature can save fellow creature - Explains why Jesus suffers, changes, does not know things - S of G = honorific term used to emphasize JCs high rank among creatures |
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Athanasius |
- son = fully divine (scripture describes) - god saves, no creature can - if christ is not God, HE would need the saving, not be the savior - Christians worshiping christ are not idolators - passages describing human qualities -> human nature - passages describing diving qualities -> divine nature - Trinitarian Monotheism (G, S, HS) then world. - Homoousis |
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Homoousios |
"one in being with he father" jesus is an equal part of God as the Father |
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Apollinarius |
- Bishop of Laodicea - uses Logos-sarx formula (word + flesh) - Logos (mind) joined with the flesh but not human soul/mind |
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Gregory of Nazianzus |
- criticizes Apollinarius - "what has not been assumed has not been healed" - Monophysite (one nature) & its divine - if JC did not take on mind, it did not become man - Logos can't be united directly to flesh but only through mind (rational human soul) |
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Antiochene Christology |
- JC has 2 fully developed natures 1. fully human (body+soul) 2. fully divine - logo-anthropos = word man - only united in outward appearance (prosopic union), divided on the inside - Mary is NOT mother of God... Logos joined to JC after birth |
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Alexandrian Christology |
- JC = 1 person (hypostasis) - personality of JC is unified & divine (hypostatic union) - complete human nature (body+soul) but JC identity = divine - human mind followed around divine mind - mary = theotokos (union occurred in the womb) |
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Hypostatic Union |
- JC = 1 person (hypostasis)- personality of JC is unified & divine (hypostatic union)- complete human nature (body+soul) but JC identity = divine- human mind followed around divine mind- mary = theotokos (union occurred in the womb) |
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Council of Chalcedon (451) |
- JC = 1 person (hypostasis) in 2 natures (human + divine) - Mary = theotokos - JC cannot be split into 2 persons nor can he have an incomplete human nature |
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Maximus the Confessor |
- Dyothelite - Jesus needs a soul T4 he must have a will - JC -> natural will, does not resist Father - JC does NOT -> gnomic will, inclined to sin - Christ = free. Still, he is obedient to God - JC humanity is not diminished but fulfilled - Gave up life for his strong belief in his religious values |
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Monothelite |
- Jesus has 1 will - 1 person cannot have 2 wills - 2 wills would be contrary, split personality |
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Dyothelite |
- a soul -> a will - Both Chalcedo & G. Naz say Christ has a human soul - Christ has a natural will |
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Natural Will |
- human will that does not resist The Author - Dyothelites thinks Jesus had this - will of God for Jesus to die and natural will followed God's will |
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Gnomic will |
- will inclined toward sin - intentional/deliberate will |
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Iconoclasts |
- making images = forbidden by 2nd commandments - icons distract for transcendent divine and we focus on the body - jesus = one true image - everything else is false cuz they cannot depict divinity - church ruled icons as ok (since jesus = image and became human) (John of Damascus) |
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Iconophiles |
- opposite iconoclasts - loved images bc God made an image in JC - Theodore the Studit: deny images, deny incarnation -> incarnation demands images - John of Damascus: Icons of Christ continue what God started |
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Anselm of Caterbury |
- Devil does NOT have rights over humanity - we belong to God. - Satisfaction Theory of Atonement - God, as Creator, = entitled to be honored (a part of the order of the world) - we should be subject/obedient - no honor -> compensation for God's injured honor - offense = so great -> God can, humans ought - god-man can and should ->Jesus - death = free choice, jesus dies to satisfy Gods honor |
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2nd Council of Nicaea (787) |
- Icons = ok - confirm Word became human - Icons should be venerated, not worshipped - only christ to be worshipped |
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Veneration |
honoring and respecting icons of Jesus, saints, relics, etc |
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Peter Abelard |
- criticizes Anselm for sin being economical - Examplarist Theory - JC = example for us - Loved throughout his life and death - humans should be moved by his example -> we go to love others - JC did not have to die, chose to as a final example of his love for us |
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3-Fold Alienation |
- Bernard Clairvaux 1. Alienate from self - human wisdom -> foolish, nature becomes distorted, should & body in conflicted 2. Alienate from God - ignore image of God within ourselves -> think God has no mercy, falsely understand who He is 3. Alienate from Neighbor - puff ourselves up = put down our neighbors (pharisee condemning tax collector) |
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Martin Luther |
- God himself suffers and dies with JC - Christ satisfies offended honor, and substitutes himself for the penalties due to us - Justification by faith not by works - violence ok for preserving social order - difference between private and public duty - images should be destroyed in our hearts - simul iustus et peccator - alien righteousness |
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Simul Iustus et Peccator |
christians are at the same time righteous and sinners |
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Alient Righteousness |
- becuz were justified through faith not our works, so we are justified through Christ |
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Sola Fidei |
- justification by faith only - we are saved by external righteousness |
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John Calvin (1509-64) |
- JC body is in Heaven so he is only present in spirit - agreed with Luther on justification by faith and alien righteousness - disagreed with L. on omnipresence of God - virtualism - images = bad... faith weakened and thats why we used them |
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Extra Calvinisticum |
- christ's divine nature contines to permeate cosmos even after incarnation - nature could not be enclose or imprisoned within a body - remains infinite |
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Virtualism |
- Jesus' body in heaven -> not present in eucharist - Christ = present in bread and wine (spiritually, not physically) - God's power (aka virtue) works its way into bread and wine |
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Thomas Muetzner |
- violence = good if overturning social order - Christ's gov't has been run by false prophets - to restore order, we should dispose of them - JC was a call for Christian revolution |
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self- incurred tutelage |
- "not thinking for ones self" - enlightenment tried to change this - we should seek knowledge and understanding ourselves |
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GE Lessing |
- Broad Ugly Ditch: faith and history = hard to combine because a. chronological: jesus lived so long ago, hard to know what happened b. metaphysical: history is contingent, depends on previous events... reason investigates necessary truth- what happened may not have been "meant to be" c. Existential: what jesus was concerned with then isn't what we're concerned about now |
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Quest of the Historical Jesus |
- large diff between historical JC (genuine) and the Christ of faith (fiction) - we should discover historical JC, new foundation for Christology - Schliermacher, Kant, Remarus |
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Freidrich Schliermacher |
- church JC is inaccurate - we are all active and passive (free and dependent) - our freedom isn't done absolutely and in our dependence we don't determine reality - JC had ultimate God consciousness - Sin impedes God consciousness - God C = where theo begins - ultimate God-consciousness = absolute dependence/not determining our own reality |
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Rudolf Bultmann |
- Demythologization - NT = a myth - purpose is NOT to describe the objective world, purpose = to express self understanding - proclaims NT shows saving act of God in Christ - Jesus is not primarily a teacher - Eschaton is starting now (in Christ) (John and Paul agree) |
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Immanuel Kant |
- JC of history is an enlightened moral teacher - JC says nothing both right AND new |
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Reimarus |
JC of history is a failed political leader |
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G. W. F. Hegel |
- God = spirit - restless, dynamic in motion, not yet reach full self understanding - enters world, externalizes self to bring self-awareness - Christianity = perfect religious expression of this phillosophical trurth about Spirit - nature of God to become incarnate - christianity = best religion, philosophy = better |
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Vorstellung |
- picture thinking - Christian symbols needed refinement (e.g. lamb of God) |
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Begriff |
- conceptual thinking, philosophical election on christianity - refined product |
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Ludwig Feuerbach |
- humans externalize consciousness through others - we project inner thoughts and feelings onto others - we do this unto "God", he is imaginary - comes from our inner desires - only appropriate/accurate to do to humans NOT other objects/living things |
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Karl Marx |
- "Opiate of the masses" - doesn't fix problems - makes people forget suffering - imaginary future to cope with pain - keeps human docile, easy to rule |
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Albrecht Ritschl |
- looked into actual historical event - religion is about ethics, not introspection - JC was conscious of new relationship with god, focused on forgiveness, reconciliation - found in church since ancient times - church makes jesus present, not supernatural - christ established universal ethical fellowship of humanity |
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Adolf Van Harnack |
- gospel = corrupted by Hellenization (Greek philosophy) early on - original concern = personal impact of JC - later concern = Christology - authentic kernel and an inauthentic husk - historians should disentangle legit from illegit about JC - Ritschl and Harnack say JC = moral teacher talking about God, he never claimed to be God - eschatology = husk |
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Albert Schweitzer |
- quest tried to free JC from church shackles and bring new picture of JC - scholars should not have dismissed Jesus' eschatological outlook - JC = deeply diff from humans - quest pretends to be historical yet it ignore this outlook |
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William Wrede |
- Mark gospel is theologically invested - no pure history but theo text - quest = failed, we can access exact figure |
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Martin Kahler |
- apostle were NOT preaching about historical JC - JC is NOT bound by history, he exceeds it - JC did not elicit great faith, shouldn't be our example - post resurrection JC is who inspired Church - quest is pointless - JC supra historical |
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supra historical |
- pre existent, historical, resurrected, exalted, & sinless JC = all at once - above/beyond history, just drops in |
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Dialectical Christology |
-tension between God and humanity -God must not be reduced to human category (enculturated) - dehistorization of JC |
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Karl Barth |
-Dialectical Christology - supports JC = fully divine - Revelation shows God = already eternal, doesn't need history - emphasis on transcendance - we are passive, theo is not thinking - theo doesn't establish faith, faith = #1 - revelation shows what God already is - God does not need history |
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Resurrection as proleptic |
anticipates what is to come at the end |
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Pannenberg |
1. history = decisive arena where God is revealed, universal & objective history 2. A) analogy (past and present) results in narrow view of history, we should have humility and openness. B) pure facts without meaning do not exist, stop looking 3. resurrection = eschatological concept... if he has been raised, the end has begun, it is proleptic. resurrection belongs to the eschaton, not the world... does not submit to rules of history T4 analogy does apply |
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Moltmann |
- Theology of the Cross - unhappy w idea that death of JC is just obedience to God - to suffer is to be subject to power - JC suffers in human nature not divine - God who cannot suffer is not perfect - to love is to suffer - God suffers by losing his Son while the Son suffers on the cross |
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Theology of the Cross |
- where God is definitely revealed - seems least like god is in fact God (deus absconditus) |
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Deus Absconditus |
"hidden God" (Luther) |
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divine impassibility |
idea that God does not suffer |
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Liberation of Theology |
Christianity has focused too little on practice and too much on doctrine |
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Orthopraxy |
- correct behavior/practice rather than correct belief - ethical rather than faith/grace |
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Sophialogy |
-earliest and most authoritative christilogy - God of the poor - wisdom = fashioner of all things and renews - JC idendifies himself with wisdom - Liberation Christology |
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Karl Rahner |
- chalcedon does NOT understand humanity fully -anonymous christians - grace permeates nature, touches those not christian - incarnation and creation are not separate - the incarnation = high point of God's working in history - believes in potential obed. |
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potentia obedientalis |
ability to be obedient to God |
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Tod Billings |
Gets cancer - dislikes notion that God suffers - wants God to have a"backbone", overcomer of terror - if suffer is required to love, goodness requires evil - empathy is not enough for redemption |
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Wesley Hill |
- dislikes Moltmann's turn from tradition -patristic figures did not talk about an unfeeling God -for God to save, he must be able to triumph over suffering - God is not locked in a cell with us but a way out |
