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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Urinary System
(EXCRETION SYSTEMS) |
Urine
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Respiratory System
(EXCRETION SYSTEMS) |
Carbon Dioxide
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Digestive System
(EXCRETION SYSTEMS) |
Feces
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Integumentary System
(EXCRETION SYSTEMS) |
Sweat
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Urinary System Functions
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-Excretion of metabolic wastes
-Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance -Regulation of blood pH -Regulation of blood pressure by the enzyme Renin -Production of Erythropoietin hormone that stimulate RBC formation -Activation of vitamin D to Calcitriol that stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium |
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What do the kidneys produce?
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Urine
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Where does the ureter transport urine?
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Towards the urinary bladder
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What does the urinary bladder temporarily store?
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Stores urine prior to elimination
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What does the urethra do?
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Conducts urine to exterior; in males, transports semen as well
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Renal Capsule
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Covers kidney
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Renal Cortex
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
The outer region
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Renal Medulla
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
The inner region with RENAL PYRAMIDS
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Renal Papilla
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
The apex or tip of renal pyramid
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Renal Columns
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Cortical tissue between renal pyramids
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Minor Calyx
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Receives urine from renal papilla
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Major Calyx
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Collects urine from two or more minor calyces
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Renal Pelvis
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Collects urine from all major calyces
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Ureter
(KIDNEY ANATOMY) |
Carries urine from renal pelvis to bladder
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Describe how blood flows through the kidneys.
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-Renal Artery
-Segmental Arteries -Interiobar Arteries -Arcuate Arteries -Cortical Radiate Artieries -Afferent Arterioles -Glomerulus- -Efferent Arteriole- -Peritubular Capillaries- -Venules -Cortical Radiate Veins -Arcuate Veins -Interiobar Veins -Renal Vein |
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Nephron
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Microscopic filtering of the kidneys that consist of renal tubules and a renal corpuscle
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Each nephron filters the blood to make what?
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Urine
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About how many nephrons are in each kidney?
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1 million
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Where are 85% of nephrons located? What are they called?
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Renal Cortex; Cortical Nephrons
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Where are 15% of nephrons located? What are they called?
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Renal Pyramids; Juxtamedullary Nephrons
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Glomerulus
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Corpuscle |
Loops of capillaries
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Bowman's Capsule
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Corpuscle |
Double Layered, surrounds glomerulus
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules |
Connects to bowman's capsule
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Loop of Henle
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules |
w/descending and ascending limbs
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Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules |
Last part of nephron
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Collecting Duct (CD)
(NEPHRON STRUCTURE) - Renal Tubules - Renal Tubules |
Connects to several distal convoluted tubules
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Filtration
(URINE FORMATION) |
From the glomerulus capillaries blood into bowman's capsule
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Tubular Reabsorption
(URINE FORMATION) |
From renal tubules to blood
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Tubular Secretion
(URINE FORMATION) |
From blood into the renal tubules
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Excretion
(URINE FORMATION) |
of the final product (urine)
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A high glomerular capillary blood pressure of about 55 mmHg forces water and solutes through what membrane?
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Filtration Membrane
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How is the filtration membrane formed?
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By the glomerular capillary wall and the inner layer of the bowman's capsule
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When water and dissolved solutes pass from glomerulus capillaries blood into the bowman's capsule, the resulting fluid in capsular space is called what?
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Filtrate
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What are some 'wastes' that filtrate contains?
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-Urea
-Uric Acid (that must be eliminated in the urine) |
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What are some 'useful substances' that filtrate contains?
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-Water
-Organic Nutrients -Electrolytes (that must be kept) |
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Renal Blood Flow (RBF)
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Amount of blood flow through kidneys in one minute
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
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Amount of filtrate formed in one minute
*Between 105 and 125 mL/minute* |
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About 10% of renal blood flow becomes a what?
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Filtrate
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Regulation of GFR
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is by controlling glomerular blood flow
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What increases GFR?
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Dilation of afferent arteriole or contriction of efferent arteriole
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What decreases GFR?
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Constriction of afferent arteriole or dilation of efferent arteriole
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Autoregulation
(REGULATION OF GFR) |
Regulation of GFR by the kidneys themselves
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Neural Regulation
(REGULATION OF GFR) |
Autonomic nervous system affects GFR
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Hormonal Regulation
(REGULATION OF GFR) |
Hormones indirectly affect GFR
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Most urine filtrate moves from ________ back into the ________?
(TUBULAR REABSORPTION) |
Nephron Tubules; Blood
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Where is most reabsorption?
(TUBULAR REABSORPTION) |
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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Water is reabsorbed by what?
(TUBULAR REABSORPTION) |
Osmosis
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Solute is reabsorbed by what?
(TUBULAR REABSORPTION) |
-Diffusion
-Active Transport -Co-Transport -Pinocytosis |
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Each day, between 150 - 180 L of ___________.
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
Filtrate
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Each day, 1 - 2 L of ______.
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
Urine
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Each day, about 148 - 178 L __________.
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
Reabsorbed
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Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 65%
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
In proximal convoluted tubules
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Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 15%
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
In descending limbs of Henle
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Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - None
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
In ascending limb of Henle
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Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 10%
(WATER REABSORPTION) |
In distal convoluted tubules
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Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 10%
(The last 10%) (WATER REABSORPTION) |
The collecting ducts
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Some solutes move from the blood of the peritubular capillaries into the ________.
Amounts of H2O reabsorbed - 15% (TUBULAR SECRETION) |
Filtrate
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Which substances are secreted into filtrate?
(TUBULAR SECRETION) |
-Potassium
-Ammonium -Hydrogen -Bicarbonate ions |
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Tubular secretion helps regulate _________ and _______________.
(TUBULAR SECRETION) |
Acid-Base Balance; Electrolyte Concentrations
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95% of urine is _____.
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
Water
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5% of urine is ____________.
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
Dissolved Solids
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Urea
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
Proteins metabolism
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Creatinine
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
Muscles metabolism
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Uric Acid
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
Nucleic acids metabolism
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What are some substances contained in urine composition?
(URINE COMPOSITION) |
-Electrolytes
-Urea -Creatinine -Uric Acid |
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When body water decreases, it triggers __________ to release __________ from the posterior pituitary.
(URINE CONCENTRATION) |
Hypothalamus; Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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ADH makes the cells of the ____ and ____ more permeable to water reabsorption back into the blood.
(URINE CONCENTRATION) |
DCT; CD
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Small volume of __________, concentrated urine is produced.
(URINE CONCENTRATION) |
Dark yellow
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With optimum body water, the __________ stops secreting ______________.
(URINE DILATION) |
Hypothalamus; Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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____ and ____ become LESS permeable to water and LESS water is reabsorbed.
(URINE DILATION) |
DCT; CD
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More water stays in the ______ resulting in a large volume of ______, dilute urine.
(URINE DILATION) |
Filtrate; Light yellow
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What is the minimum urine volume that must be excreted to get rid of metabolic waste and excess ions?
(OBLIGATORY URINE VOLUME) |
0.5 Liters/ Day
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What is the maxium concentration ability of the kidneys?
(OBLIGATORY URINE VOLUME) |
1200 - 1400 mOsm/ Liter
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The Body
(THE URINARY BLADDER) |
Covered by a sheet of smooth muscles called DETRUSOR MUSCLE
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The Trigone
(THE URINARY BLADDER) |
The two ureters enter the bladder at the uppermost angles of trigone which open into the neck
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The Neck
The Detrusor muscle fibers form _____________ in the neck. (THE URINARY BLADDER) |
Internal Urethral Sphincter
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The Neck
In the ___________ skeletal muscle fibers form the ____________________ that is under conscious control. (THE URINARY BLADDER) |
Urogenital Diaphram; External Urethral Sphincter
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Micturition
(THE MICTURITION REFLEX) |
The act of emptying the urinary bladder
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Signals from sensory stretch receptors in urinary bladder --->
(THE MICTURITION REFLEX) |
SNS Pelvic Nerve -> Spinal Cord -> PNS Fibers -> Urinary Bladder Wall -> Detrusor Muscle Contraction
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Facilitation or Inhibition by the _______________.
(THE MICTURITION REFLEX) |
Pudenal Nerve Conscious Control
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Self
(THE MICTURITION REFLEX) |
Regenerative
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