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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
*Physiology
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The study of the functions of an organism and its parts
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*Gross Anatomy
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The study of the macroscopic structures of an organism
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*Microscopic Anatomy
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The study of the microscopic structures of an organism
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*Histology
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The study of tissues
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Anatomy
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The study of the structures of the body
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Surface Anatomy
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Anatomy by 'feeling' the body
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Regional Anatomy
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Anatomy of the various parts of the body
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Systematic Anatomy
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Anatomy by organ systems
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*Organ
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A group of tissues specialized for a particular function
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*Tissues
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A group of cells specialized for a particular function
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*Homeostasis
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A state of equilibrium in the body with respect to its functions, chemical levels, and tissues
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Stress
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Something in the environment that causes one or more variables to move to far from there set point
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Hormones
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Chemicals which control the body's chemistry
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*Effector
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A structure in the body that can change the value of a variable
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Receptor
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Something which montors the value of your body's variables
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Control Center
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A thing which establishes the appropriate range of the variable
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Insulin
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A type of hormone
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List the eleven organ systems of the human body
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Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Muscle System, Nervous System, Endocrine System, Circulatory System, Lymphatic System, Digestive System, Respiratory System, Urinary System, and Reproductive System
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List the four basic types of tissue
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Nervous Tissue, Muscular Tissue, Connective Tissue, and Epithelial Tissue
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List the seven levels of organization in the human body
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Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues, Cells, Eukaryotic Cells, Organelles, Molecules
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Plasma membrane
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The 'wall' that forms the boundry of the cell
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Nucleus
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Contains genetic material and it is the control center of the cell
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Nuclear envelope
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The 'wrapping' of the nucleus
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Chromatin
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Basically, DNA during interphase
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Chromosomes
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Basically, DNA during reproduction
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Cytoplasm
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The fluid part of the cell
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Ribosomes
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The place where proteins are synthesized
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Free Ribosomes
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Ribosomes by themselves
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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An organelle composed of both rough and smooth ER
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Smooth ER
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This organelle performs intracellular transport and produces lipids and carbohydrates
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Rough ER
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This organelle performs intracellular transport and protein synthesis
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Lipids
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Fats
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Golgi Apparatuses
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These organelles take chemicals and package them for many different purposes
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Secratory Vesicle
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A sack containing a chemical from the Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosome
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This organelle breaks down lipids, proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids
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Mitochondria
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The major site of ATP synthesis in the cell
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Mitochondrial DNA
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DNA in the mitochondrion which codes for the production of certain proteins necessary for the mitochondrion to do its job
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Cilia
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Tiny 'hairs' on the cell
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Proteins
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Large molecules formed by the joining of amino acids
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Enzymes
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Proteins that act as catalysts
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Antibodies
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Proteins that fight infections
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Transcription
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The process by which a DNA molecule unwinds, exposing its nucleotides, and an mRNA molecule produces a negative of it
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Codon
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A sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA
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Nucleotide
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One of the following molecules: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. (Also Uracil?)
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Translation
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The process by which proteins are formed in the ribosome according to the negative in the mRNA molecule
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Anticodon
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A three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule
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DNA does not have which 'nucleotide?'
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Uracil
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RNA does not have which nucleotide?
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Thymine
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Adenine links with...
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Uracil or thymine
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Guanine links with...
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Cytosine
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Cytosine links with...
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Guanine
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Uracil links with...
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Adenine
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Thymine links with...
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Adenine
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List the seven parts of DNA
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus
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How do the nucleotides link together?
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Via hydrogen bonds
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What do carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus form in DNA?
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Phosphate groups and Deoxyribose
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What does tRNA stand for?
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Transfer RNA
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What does mRNA stand for?
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Messenger RNA
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How are amino acids linked up to form a protein?
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By a peptide bond
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What does RNA stand for?
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Ribonucleic Acid
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What does DNA stand for?
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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What shape does DNA have that RNA does not have?
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A double helix
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What are some similarities between DNA and RNA?
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1. Both are made up of nucleotides
2. The nucleotides join together in long strands 3. They both have adenine, guanine, and cytosine |
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Describe transcription
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The DNA first 'unwinds.' After that, the RNA forms a negative of the DNA by making the nucleotides link together. When transcription is over, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosome in preparation for translation
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Describe translation
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First, the tRNA molecule has amino acids by it. This is because it has a 'hook.' The hook is a three-nucleotide sequence which is attracted to a specific amino acid. The three-nucleotide sequence is called an anticodon. When the mRNA enters the ribosome, the anticodons are attracted to three-nucleotide sequences on the mRNA, called codons. Of course, these sequences are taken right from the DNA. THe anticodons come near the codons, pulling along the amino acids. When they are right next to each other, the amino acids from the anticodons join up by a peptide bond.
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Mitosis
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The duplication of a cell's chromosomes to allow daughter cells to recieve the exact genetic makeup of the parent cell
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Prophase
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The time during which the centrioles duplicate, form a spindle of microtubules, and move towards opposite ends; also, the DNA forms chromosomes and heads towards the center line of the cell
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Anaphase
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The time during which the duplicate and original chromosomes are separated and pulled to opposite ends
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Metaphase
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The time during which the spindle attaches to the chromosomes
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Telophase
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The time during which the plasma membrance constricts
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Interphase
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The time during which the cell is doing normal things, not reproducing
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Equatorial Plane
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An imaginary line which runs down the center of the cell
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Phospholipid Bilayer
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The major component of the plasma memebrane; it is composed of two layers of phospholipids
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Phospholipid
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A fat molecule with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group
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Which side of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?
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The tail
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Which side of the phospholipid is hydrophilic?
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The head
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Channel Proteins
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Proteins that have a little 'channel' to let things in and out
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Glycoproteins
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Proteins that have a carbohydrate chain attached to them; these act as cell markers
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Receptor Proteins
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Proteins that take messages from other cells
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Cholesterol
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The molecules that give the membrane the right degree of firmness
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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The description of the plasma membrane
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*Selective Permeability
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The ability to let certain materials in or out while restricting others
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What type of molecule can most easily pass through the plasma memebrane?
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Small, fatty molecules
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What three main things affect permeability?
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Polarity, size, and charge
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What three conditions limit the proteins which pass through the carriers?
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Specificity, Competition, and Saturation
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Carriers
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Proteins that allow certains molecules in to the cell through mediated transport
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Mediated Transport
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The process by which a molecule enters a carrier protein on one side of the plasma membrane and leaves on the other
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Specificity
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The condition which states that a molecule must be the right shape to enter a carrier
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Competition
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The condition which states that the type of molecule with the most 'members' will have the best chance of entering the plasma membrane.
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Saturation
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A carrier is saturated when it cannot move molecules any faster than it already is moving them
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Diffusion
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The movement of ions or molecules through an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion that occurs in mediated transport
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ATP
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Adenosine Triphosphate
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ADP
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Adenosine Diphosphate
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*Endocytosis
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The process by which large molecules are taken into the cell
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Pinocytosis
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The process by which the plasma membrane folds into a pocket with the molecule inside and pinches off
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Phagocytosis
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The process by which the cell engulfs what it is trying to take in
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*Exocytosis
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Transportation of material from inside the cell to outside the cell
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List the 4 paths which an ion or molecule can take, which does not necessarily require ATPs, to enter the cell
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Dissolve through phospholipid, Channel proteins, charged channel proteins, carrier proteins
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List the 4 ways or sub-ways which an ion or molecule can take to enter the cell and which necessarily requires ATPs
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Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis
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