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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Everything is made of substances called __________. |
elements
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A(n) __________ is the smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element.
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atom
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The center of an atom is called the ___________.
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nucleus
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The positively charged particles in nuclei are called _________.
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protons |
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The particles that have no charge that are in the nuclei of an atom are called ___________.
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neutrons
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The region of space surrounding the nucleus contains extremely small, negatively charged particles called _________.
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electrons
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Electrons exist around the nucleus in regions know as _________.
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energy levels
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The first energy level can hold only ______ electrons.
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2
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The second energy level can hold only ____ electrons.
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8
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The third energy level can hold up to ____ electrons.
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18
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Atoms contain _______ of electrons and protons.
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equal numbers
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Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called _________.
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isotopes
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A __________ is a substance that is composed of atoms of two or more different elements.
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compound
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Atoms combine with other atoms only when the resulting compound is more ________ than the individual atoms.
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stable
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For many elements, an atom becomes stable when its ________ energy level is full.
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outermost
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Atoms combine with each other by __________ electrons.
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sharing
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When two atoms share electrons the force that holds them together is called a(n) _______.
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covalent bond
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A(n) ___________ is a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds.
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molecule
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Atoms that combine by losing electrons instead of sharing them have an electrical charge and are called a(n) _______.
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ion
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The attractive force between two ions of opposite charge is know as a(n) _____________.
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ionic bond
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Chemical reactions occur when bonds are formed or broken, causing substances to recombine into different substances. All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are referred to as the organism's __________.
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metabolism
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A(n) ________ is a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties.
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mixture
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A(n) _________ is a mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance.
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solution
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A solution is a mixture in which one or more _______ are distributed evenly in a _________.
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solutes, solvent
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The _____ is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.
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pH |
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A(n) ______ is any substance that forms hydrogen ions in water.
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acid
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A(n) _______ is any substance that forms hydroxide ions in water.
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base
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A(n) _________ is a molecule with an unequal distribution of charge so that each molecule has a positive end and a negative end.
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polar molecule
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The attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen forms a weak bond called a(n) ___________.
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hydrogen bond
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Because if its polarity, water has the unique property of being able to creep up thin tubes. This property is called _________.
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capillary action
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List four unique properties of water.
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it is polar
has capillary action resists temperature changes expands when frozen |
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__________ is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration due the random motion of the atoms.
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diffusion
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List the three key factors that effect the rate of diffusion.
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concentration, temperature, and pressure
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Large organic compounds with tens, hundreds, or even thousands of carbon atoms are called ____________.
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biomolecules
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A(n) _________ is a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together.
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polymer |
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A(n) ______________ is a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of about two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.
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carbohydrate |
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_____ are large biomolecules that are made mostly of carbon and hydrogen with a small amount of oxygen.
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lipids
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A(n) _________ is a large, complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
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protein
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The basic building blocks of proteins are called ________.
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amino acids
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The covalent bond formed between the amino acids is called a(n) __________.
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peptide bond
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A(n) __________ is a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction.
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enzyme
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A(n) ____________ is a complex biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
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nucleic acid
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Nucleic acids are polymers made of smaller subunits called _________.
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nucleotides
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Using a series of lenses, these ________________ can magnify things up to 1500 times.
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compound light microscopes
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Name the three main ideas in cell theory.
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1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. |
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Instead of using light a(n) ________ microscope uses _________ and can magnify structures up to 500,000 times.
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electrons |
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All cells contain small, specialized structures called __________. Many but not all are surrounded by membranes and each has a specific function in the cell.
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organelles |
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Cells that do not contain any membrane-bound organelles are called ____________. Single cells of this type are called __________.
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prokaryotic prokaryotes
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Cells that contain membrane-bound organelles are called ___________. Most multi-cell organisms are made up of these types of cells and are called _____________.
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eukaryotic eukaryotes |
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Amoebas, some algae and yeast are unicellular organisms of the ____________ type.
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eukaryotic
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Eukaryotic cells contain a prominent structure responsible for cell division called the __________.
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nucleus
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The flexible boundary between the cell and its environment that allows a steady supply of nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are is the ______________.
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plasma membrane
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_______________ is a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out.
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Selective permeability
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A ______________ has a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.
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phospholipid
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The process of maintaining balance in the cell's environment is called ___________.
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homeostasis |
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The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of ___________.
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phospholipids
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The phospholipid bilayer is made up of phospholipid chains where the polar ___________ forms the outer layers facing the watery internal and external environments and the non-polar _____________ form the interior of the membrane which is not water-soluble.
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phosphate group |
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The model of the plasma membrane is called the ________________.
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fluid mosaic model
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____________ move needed substances or waste materials through the plasma membrane.
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transport proteins
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The _________ is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection to plant cells.
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cell wall |
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Cell walls are composed of a carbohydrate called ___________.
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cellulose |
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The cell wall (does/does not) select which molecules can enter into the cell.
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does not
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The nucleus is the leader of the the eukaryotic cell because it contains the directions to make _________.
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proteins |
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The master set of directions for making proteins is contained in ____________, which are strands of the genetic material, DNA.
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chromatin |
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Within the nucleus is a prominent organelle called the __________, that makes ___________, which are organelles not bound by a membrane.
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nucleolus |
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_____________ are the sites where the cell produces proteins according to the directions of DNA.
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ribosomes
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Ribosomes are simple structures made of __________ and __________.
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RNA
proteins |
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The nucleus is surrounded by the ______________ which is made up of two phospholipid membranes.
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nuclear envelope |
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___________ is the clear, gelatinous fluid inside a cell.
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Cytoplasm |
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The organelle in a eukaryotic cell that is the site of chemical reactions is the ______________.
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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The ________________ is arranged in a series of highly folded membranes in the cytoplasm.
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
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_______________ attach to the surface of the ER where they carry out the function of protein synthesis.
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ribosomes |
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ER covered in ribosomes is called _________ endoplasmic reticulum.
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rough |
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ER that is not covered in ribosomes is called __________ endoplasmic reticulum.
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smooth
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Smooth ER is involved in numerous biochemical activities including production and storage of __________.
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lipids
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The ____________ is a flattened stack of tubular membranes that modifies proteins, packs them into membrane-bound structures to be sent to appropriate desitinations.
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Golgi apparatus
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Cells store materials and waste products in membrane-bound compartments called ___________. These are not usually found in animal cells.
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vacuoles
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___________ are organelles that contain digestive enzymes and digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
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lysosomes
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A ___________ can fuse with a vacuole, dispense their enzymes into it, and digest its contents.
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lysosome |
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____________ are cell organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy. They contain ___________.
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chloroplasts |
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Chloroplasts belong to a group of plant organelles called _______ which are used for storage.
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plastids
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Some __________ store starches or lipids, whereas others contain pigments. They are named according to their color or the pigment they contain.
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plastids
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____________ are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell which is then stored in bonds of other molecules that cell organelles can easily access.
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mitochondria |
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The support structure within the cell is called the ____________.
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cytoskeleton |
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The cytoskeleton is made up of _________ and ___________ made of protein that can be dismantled and reassembled to change the shape of the cell. They provide anchors for organelles and a highway for moving materials within the cell.
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microtubules |
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________ are numerous hair-like projections made of microtubules on a cell that move like oars on a rowboat.
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cilia
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___________ are longer projectoins on a cell used for locomotion that move with a whip-like motion. A cell usually has only one or two of these organelles made of microtubules.
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flagella |
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The diffusion of water across a selectively premeable membrane is called _____________.
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osmosis
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In a(n) ____________ the concentration of dissolved substances in the solution is the same as the concentration inside the cell. Cells in this type of solution maintain their shape because water flows in and out of the cell at the same rate.
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isotonic solution
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In a(n) _____________ the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell. The cell swells as osmosis moves the water into the cell.
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hypotonic solution
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In a(n) __________ solution the concentration of dissolved substances is higher outside the cell than inside and causes water to flow out of the cell, shrinking it.
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hypertonoic solution
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When molecules pass through the plasma membrane by simple diffusion, requiring no energy from the cell, it is called ____________.
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passive transport |
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The passive transport of material across the membrane using transport proteins is called ____________.
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facilitated diffusion
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When substances move through the cell membrane with the _________________ it is passive transport.
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concentration gradient |
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To move a particle from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration is called ________________.
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active transport |
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A _______________ first binds with a particle of the substance to be transported, then changes shape to move the particle into the cell and releases it.
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carrier protien
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___________ occurs when a cell surrounds material from outside the cell in the cell membrane which breaks away inside the cell to form a vacuole.
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endocytosis |
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__________ is the expulsion or secretion of materials from a cell.
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exocytosis
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List the factors that limit cell size. (list 3)
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diffusion
DNA surface area to volume ratio |
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__________ are the carriers of the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells. They appear just before and disappear just after a cell divides.
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chromosomes
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___________ are long strands of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
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chromatin
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Each group of histones in a chromatin strand is called a ____________.
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nucleosome
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The ___________ is the sequence of growth and division of a cell.
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cell cycle
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The majority of a cell's life is spent in the growth period known as _____________. The cell grows, carries on metabolism, and duplicates its chromosomes.
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interphase
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The period of nuclear division is called __________. Two daughter cells are formed during this period. |
mitosis
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Name the three sequential parts of the interphase cycle, in order.
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1. cell growth and protein production
2. chromosomes are copied through DNA synthesis 3. all other structures are duplicated in preparation for mitosis |
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Name the four phases of mitosis, in order.
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1. Prophase |
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In the __________ the chromatin coils to form visible chromosomes. The nucleus begins to disappear as the nuclear envelope and the nucleolus disintegrate. This is the longest phase of mitosis.
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prophase
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In animal cells, _____________ made up of microtubules located just outside the nucleus move to opposite ends of the cell during the last part of prophase.
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centrioles
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Each duplicated chromosome is made up of two halves called ___________.
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sister chromatids
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The center of a duplicated chromosome is called the _________.
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centromere
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The last structure to form at the end of the prophase is the _________. It is a football-shaped, cage-like structure consisting of thin fibers made of microtubules.
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spindle
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_____ is the third phase of mitosis. During this phase the centromeres split apart and cromatid pairs from each chromosome separate from each other.
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anaphase
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_________ is the last phase of mitosis. It begins as the chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell.
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Telophase
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In ________ the cell divides forming two new identical cells.
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Cytokinesis
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