Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
_______ is the skin + its derivatives (hair, glands).
|
Integumentary System
|
|
__________ = epidermis +dermis
|
skin
|
|
Where is thick skin found?
|
Palms and soles ( has the most mechanical force - although skin can become this from lots of force)
|
|
All of the skin except skin found on the palms and sole is _____ skin.
|
thin
|
|
The hypodermis/subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia is composed of loose CT and ________ (is/isn't) part of the skin.
|
ISN'T
|
|
Barrier, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, exocrine and immune functions, maintain moisture are all _______ of the skin.
|
function
|
|
Name the functions of the skin.
|
Barrier, homeostasis, sensory, endocrine, exocrine and immune functions, maintain moisture
|
|
What do endocrine glands of teh skin release?
|
Vitamin D when sunlight stimulates gland to release.
|
|
What do exocrine glands of the skin release?
|
sweat
|
|
What are some sensory endings found in the skin?
|
Merkel's, meissner's Pacinican...etc...
|
|
What immune cells are found in the skin?
|
Langerhan's cells
|
|
THe _______ is the largest organ in the body.
|
skin
|
|
T/F the epidermis is avascular.
|
true
|
|
How does the epidermis obtain nutrients?
|
via diffusion
|
|
What type of cells are found in the epidermis?
|
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed mostly of keratinocytes. (98%)
|
|
What is the main cell type (be specific) found in the epidermis - 98% are these.
|
keratinocytes
|
|
What are the 5 layers, from most external to internal of the Epidermis?
|
Stratum Corneum stratum lucidum stratum ganulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
|
|
What is the deepest layer in the epidermis (also known as the stratum germinativum - germ layer)
|
stratum basale
|
|
Name the layer in the epidermis. Single layer of cells on top of the basal lamina - cuboidal cells.
|
stratum basale
|
|
Where are stem cells found that produce keratinocytes that age and move toward the surface?
|
stratum basale
|
|
What layer has small, cuboidal cells with small amount of cytoplasm
|
stratum basale
|
|
This layer has extensive desmosomes and hemidesmososme.
|
stratum basale
|
|
What is responsible for 'gluing' cells together in the stratum basale?
|
desmosomes and hemidesmosomes.
|
|
What glues cell:cell and what glues cell:lamina?
|
desmososmes (cell:cell) - hemidesmosomes (cell:lamina)
|
|
What does Be Sure Good Luck Comes refer to?
|
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum.
|
|
What layer is several cells thick, and is composed of large cuboidal celsl than s.b. with increasing keratin accumulation?
|
spinosum
|
|
where are prickle cells found?
|
spinosum
|
|
What cells have numerous cytoplasmic processes or spines: tonofilaments and desmosomes.
|
prickle cells in stratum spinosum
|
|
What layer is 3-5 cells thick with flatteneed polygonal cells with numerous keratohyalin granules, (darker staining).
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
WHy do keratohyalin granules stain darker (in stratum granulosum)?
|
because they contain cystine and histidine-rich proteins -> basophilia
|
|
What layer is the most superficial layer of the nonkeratinized portion of the epidermis?
|
stratum granulosum
|
|
Where are lamellar graules found?
|
granulosum
|
|
What granules are seen TEM, and appear as ovoid aggregate of lipid bilayers-> that act as a sealant (fat is spit out by the cells)
|
Lamellar granules in granulosum
|
|
This layer is only seen well in THICK skins,(But is found in both thick and thin) it appears thin and translucent with flat cells, they are anucleated.
|
stratum lucidum
|
|
What layer varies the most in thickness depending on the location?
|
stratum corneum
|
|
What layer has flat anucleate, desiccated cells filled with keratin?
|
corneum
|
|
Where are horny cell found?
|
corneum
|
|
Cells at this layer are continuously shed at the surface?
|
corneum
|
|
What clinical disorder: blistering disorder due to abnormal dermal-epidermal junction, via desmosome, hemidesmosome junction.
|
Bullous pemphigoid
|
|
The blistering that occurs in Bullous pemphigoid occurs in what area of the skin (separates the cells)?
|
between epidermis and dermis
|
|
Name the disorder: blistering disorder due to abnormal intercellualar junction between keratinocytes (a desmosome disorder. cells come off of eachother)
|
Pemphigus
|
|
This blistering disorder ONLY occurs in the epidermis, what is it?
|
Pemphigus
|
|
What is the 2nd most common skin cancer?
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
What is the disease wher you have red, scaling plaques, hyperkeratosis, ulceration, increases nubmer and invade basal layer?
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
What disease may be present as leukoplakia (white plaques in oral mucosa) in the mouth?
|
SCC squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
What is the most common skin cancer?
|
basal cell carcinoma
|
|
What carcinoma involve pearly papules with prominent dilated blood vessels in the dermis?
|
basal cell carcinoma - cell look like those in basale layer - they are very dangerous when left to grow
|
|
Where are melanocytes found?
|
they break through the basement membrane and reside in the basale layer
|
|
What is the embryonic origin of melanocytes?
|
neural crest derived cells with extensive cytoplamsic processes.
|
|
an _______ -________ unit is one melanocyte maintains an association with a given number of keratinocytes
|
Epidermal-melanin
|
|
What is the epidermal-melanin unit range?
|
1melano:4keratino - 1:10
|
|
T/F the keratinocytes doesn't usually change but the amount of Tyr & melanin you produce (if you get more sun than other) does change.
|
True
|
|
What is the 'job' of the melanocytes?
|
produce and distribute melanin
|
|
What is the production of melanin?
|
tyrosine (AA) -> (converted by tyrosinase) -> DOPA -> melanin (This is all happening within vesicles in the melanocyte.
|
|
What is the difference between a premelanosome (early vs. late?)
|
The concentration of melanin (early has less) - also the location defines early vs. late
|
|
______ ______ is when keratinocytes phagocytose tips of the melanocyte processes containing melanosome.
|
Pigment donation (the process)
|
|
In a histology section what do they melanocytes look like?
|
They have a clear halo and only sen in stratum basale
|
|
Name the disorder: partial or complete loss of melanoctyes resulting in patchy hypopigmented areas.
|
Vitiligo - due to an immunologic disorder attacing ownmelanocytes, or can be genetics
|
|
What is a tumor arising from the melanocytes called?
|
melanoma
|
|
What is the most malignant form of skin cancer?
|
melanoma
|
|
T/F melanocytes divide rarely, bt once melanoma cell (divide rapidly and are invasive and metastisize) -
|
True
|
|
T/Fmelanoma take on NC cell characteristic.
|
True
|
|
What does ABCD stand for when diagnosing a melanoma?
|
Abnormal, border, color, diameter
|
|
T/F Langerhans Cells are a macrophage.
|
True
|
|
Where are they Langerhans Cells found in the skin?
|
Stratum spinosum
|
|
Langerhan's Cells are known as APC - what does this mean?
|
Antigen Presenting Cells with extensive cytoplasmic processes.
|
|
T/F the Langerhan's cells aren't considered to be part of the mononuclear phagocytotoic system
|
False, they ARE part of the system.
|
|
How do you differentiate between the melanocytes and langerhan's cells?
|
location, and size (Spinosum, larger: langerhans) (basale, smaller: melanocyte)
|
|
Langerhan's cells are similar to melanocytes in that they have a ______ halo surrounding the cell.
|
clear
|
|
Langerhan's cells have clear _________ nuclei are more clear, (euchromatin, folds in nuclei)
|
cytoplasm
|
|
What are modified epidermal cells found in the stratum basale that are easy to recognize because they are associated with a nerve?
|
Merkel's Cells
|
|
What specialized cell is in close association with terminal bulbs of afferent nerve fibers?
|
Merkel's Cells
|
|
T/F Merkel's Cells are sensory mechanoreceptors.
|
True
|
|
The ________ is considered to be the CT layer deep to the epidermis.
|
Dermis
|
|
_______ _______ are the surface projections that interdigitate with epidermal pegs/ridges, inc. surface area.
|
Dermal papillae
|
|
The dermis is a network of __ __ helps skin elasticity.
|
elastic fibers
|
|
What layer of the dermis is this: thin, superficial loose CT, contain anchoring fibrils.
|
Papillary layer
|
|
T/F the papillary layer is highly vascular to provid enutrients to overlying epidermis
|
Tru
|
|
Name the layer of the dermis: Dense irregular CT
|
Reticular layer
|
|
As you age: ___________ slow down and elasticity goes doewn and = saggy skin
|
fibroblasts/cytes
|
|
What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin is a deep pressure receptor for mechanical and vibratory pressure?
|
Pacinian corpuscles
|
|
Where are pacinian corpuscle found?
|
in the reticular layer of the dermis, hypodermis, periosteum (to feel something within the body), internal organs, and CTs
|
|
T/F the pacinian corpuscles are unmyelinated nerve endings surrounded by a schwann cell lamellae
|
False, they are myelinated.
|
|
What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin is a touch receptors in the dermal papillae (loose CT)?
|
Meissner's corpuscle
|
|
In Meissner's corpuscles _______ (one or two) nerve endings spiral up (via tortuous path) toward the ___ ____.
|
one or two (both) - basal lamina
|
|
What supplies the protective covering to the Meissner's corpuscle?
|
Schwann cell for several irregular lamellae
|
|
What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin has an elongated fusiform shape?
|
Ruffini's corpuscle
|
|
_ ___ has a thin CT capsule enclosing a fluid filled space and is a nerve ending of the skin.
|
Ruffini's Corpuscle
|
|
What encapsulated nerve ending of the skin has one nerve ending arborize inside the capsule, and mechanical displacement of the adjacent collagen fibers.
|
Ruffini's corpuscle
|
|
______ ______ of adjacent collagen fibers activates Ruffini's corpuscle.
|
Mechanical displacement.
|
|
Subcutaneous tissue/superficial fascia also means ______ dermis
|
hypo
|
|
The ______ _______ is composed of loos CT deep to the dermis with varying amount/size of adipocytes and is highly vascularized
|
Subcutaneous tissue
|
|
What is the main cell in the subcutaneous tissue?
|
adiopocytes.
|
|
T/F the subcutaneous tissue is highly vascularized.
|
True
|
|
Where are the bulb of hair follicles found? in skin?
|
in the hypodermis
|
|
T/F Hair is found everywhere on your skin.
|
False, it is found everywhere except for palms, soles, lips and region around urogential orifices
|
|
T/F Hair is heavily influenced by sex hormones
|
True
|
|
When hair is at rest (not growing) is called.
|
catagen/telogen
|
|
T/F hair grows asynchronously.
|
True
|
|
Hair that is in it's 'grwoing' state is called
|
anagen
|
|
The Hair _______ is an epidermal invagination. - it is responsible for production of growth of hair -
|
follicle
|
|
THe hair ________ is the terminal dilation of the follicle -contains dermal papillae: loose CT -
|
bulb
|
|
The hair _____ is composed of keratinized cells.
|
cortex
|
|
The hair _______ is the outermost later, looks like shingles layered.
|
cuticle
|
|
Where is the internal root sheath found in the hair?
|
It is an outer cellular layer, only around hair bulb, as you go upward it disappears.
|
|
Where is the external root sheath found?
|
outermost cellular layer, continuous with epidermis
|
|
What is the thickened basal lamina associated with the hair?
|
Glassy membrane
|
|
What muscle is associated with hair?
|
arrector pili
|
|
What types of hair have a medulla?
|
(keratinizing bigger cells) - villous don't have these (peach fuzz) - they are seen in the hairs of scalp
|
|
T/F melanocytes found in the hair bulb.
|
True.
|
|
Arrector pili are innervated by the _______ system.
|
sympathetic
|
|
What gland is associated with the hair follicle?
|
sebaceous gland
|
|
What produces sebum and is an acinar holocrine gland?
|
Sebaceous
|
|
a __________ (holocrine/merocrine) is a gland that sheds it product and itself at same time.
|
holocrine
|
|
What is the role of sebum?
|
bacteriostatic, barrier, water proof..acne=this..b/c bacteria living in this eat sebum and waste product = clog pore
|
|
what is almost always associated with the hair follicle in the dermis?
|
sebaceous gland
|
|
What cells when seen in a section are big, fat, full of product, pugnate nuclei, look foamy, where are they from?
|
sebaceous gland
|
|
What glands are found everywhere but in the lips and external genitalia
|
Eccrine
|
|
A simple coiled tubular merocrine glands is what type of gland found in the skin?
|
eccrine
|
|
Where is the secretory segment of the eccrine sweat glands?
|
dermis and hypodermis
|
|
Within the secretory segment of eccrine sweat glands there are three types of cells, name them.
|
Clear cells and dark cells oh and myoepithelial cell
|
|
What do the clear cells of the eccrine gland do?
|
produce the watery component of teh sweat
|
|
What do the dark cells of the eccrine gland do?
|
pyramidal cells with abudant secretory granules, balance ion content of sweat
|
|
What do myoepithelieal cells do?
|
line outside of secertory gland and squeez out product.
|
|
Where is the duct segment found of the eccrine sweat gland?
|
opens to the epidermal surface, just delievers product on surface of the skin.
|
|
what type of cell composes the duct segment?
|
stratified cuboidal epithelium
|
|
The major role of the eccrine sweat gland is ____ ______.
|
temperature regulation.
|
|
The ________- glands are limitied to teh axilla, areola, nipple, skin around the genitals
|
apocrine
|
|
What type of glands are branched coiled tubular glands associated with hair follicles?
|
Apocrine sweat glands
|
|
What is the purpose of an apocrine gland having a large lumen?
|
it stores secretory products; protein-rich, viscous secretion
|
|
What is the viscous secretion produced by apocrine glands composed of?
|
rich in sugar, when expelled bacteria on surface eat it = body odor
|
|
When do the apocrine gland become functional
|
at puberty in response to sex hormones
|
|
What is the major difference when looking at histo slides to differentiate between apocrine and eccrine?
|
apocrine has a MUCH bigger lumen than eccrine glands
|
|
The _____ is composed of plates of keratinized epithelial cells
|
nail (dehydrated)
|
|
The nail _________ is the proximal portion of the nail buried in the epidermis
|
root
|
|
the nail _____ is the germinative zone containing stem cells, directly surround the ROOT.
|
matrix
|
|
The nail _____ is in the stratum corneum
|
plate
|
|
The nail ____is in the stratum basale and spinosum
|
bed
|
|
What are the cornified cells, that you need to cut away?
|
eponychium/cuticle
|
|
What is the thickened epidermal layer, securing the free edge of the nail plate?
|
Hyponychium
|