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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Within the hypothalamus, there are two centers for hunger:
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Feeding Center and the Satiety Center
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Center in hypothalamus that increases food intake
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Feeding Center
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Center in hypothalamus that decreases food intake
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Satiety Center
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When blood glucose is high and amino acid is high then feeding is _____.
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increased
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When blood glucose is low and amino acid is low then feeding is _____.
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decreased
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A cold environment _____ eating while a warm environment _____ eating.
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enhances; decreases
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Organs composing the gastrointestinal tract include (6):
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mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. |
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The second group of organs composing the digestive system consists of the accessory structures (6):
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the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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The four coats or tunics of the
tract from the inside out are the: |
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia.
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Plexis of Meisner controls
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secretion of the GI tract
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Myentric plexus or Plexus of Auerbach controls
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GI motility
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The _____ is the outermost layer of most portions of the alimentary canal.
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serosa
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The serosa is also called the
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visceral peritoneum.
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The ______ is the largest serous membrane of the body.
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peritoneum
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The _____ peritoneum
lines the wall of the abdominal cavity. The _____ peritoneum covers some of the organs and constitutes their serosa. |
parietal; visceral
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In certain diseases, the peritoneal cavity may become
distended by several liters of fluid so that it forms an actual space. Such an accumulation of serous fluid is called |
ascites, or ascites fluid
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The _____ binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
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mesentery
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The _____ binds the large intestine to the posterior body wall.
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mesocolon
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_____ ligament attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm.
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falciform
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The greater ______ is a four-layered fold in the serosa of the
stomach that hangs down like an apron over the front of the intestines. |
omentum
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The greater omentum is composed of a large amount of adipose tissues, and therefore is sometimes referred to as the:
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fatty apron
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Oral Cavity =
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Mouth
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The transition zone where the two kinds of covering tissue meet is called the ____
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vermilion
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the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth is called the _____ palate
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hard
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_____ palate forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.
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soft
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Hanging from the free border of the soft palate is a conical muscular process called the ____.
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uvula
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palatoglossal arch
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anterior pillar
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platopharvngeal arch
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posterior pillar
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The ____ muscles of the tongue originate outside the tongue and insert into it.
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extrinsic
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_____ muscles originate and insert within the tongue
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intrinsic
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The upper surface and sides of the tongue are covered with ____
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papillae
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____ papillae are conical
projections distributed in parallel rows over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and contain no tastebuds |
Filiform
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____ papillae contain tastebuds.
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Fungiform
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____ papillae (least
numerous), 10 to 12 in number, are arranged in the form of an inverted V on the posterior surface of the tongue, and all of them contain taste buds. |
Circumvallate
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three pairs of salivary glands:
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parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual glands.
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______ secretes into
the oral cavity vestibule via a duct, called the parotid (Stensen's) duct |
Parotid glands
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submandibular glands secretes into the ____ duct
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Wharton's
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Sublingual glands secretes into the ____ duct
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Rivinus's
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Amounts of saliva secreted daily vary from between approximately ____ to ____ ml.
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1000 - 1500
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The pH of ____ is 6.35 to 6.85 which is slightly acidic.
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saliva
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dentes
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teeth
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gingivae
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gums
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three principle portions of teeth:
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crown, root, neck
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The dentin of the crown is covered by
____ |
enamel
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The dentin of the root is covered by ____
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cementum
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opening of root canal at its base
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apical foramen
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Everyone has two dentitions, or sets of teeth. The first of these, the ____ teeth, also known as milk teeth, or baby teeth
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decidious
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The permanent dentition consists of ___ teeth
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32
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chewing =
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mastication
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______ initiates the breakdown of starch. This is the only chemical digestion that
occurs in the mouth |
salivary amylase
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Swallowing =
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deglutition
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Swallowing is conveniently divided into three stages:
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(1) The voluntary stage
(2) The pharyngeal stage (3) The esophageal stage |
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The ____ lies behind the trachea
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esophagus
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the esophagus is lined by _____
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium |
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food is pushed through the esophagus by involuntary smooth muscular movements called ______
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peristalsis.
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Stomach is divided into four areas
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cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus
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The superior concave medial border of the stomach is called the ____
curvature, and the inferior convex lateral border is the ____ curvature. |
lesser;greater
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When the stomach is empty, the
mucosa lies in large folds, called ____ that can be seen with the naked eye. |
rugae
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The _____ secrete stomach gastrin, a hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen,
contracts the lower esophageal sphincter, mildly increases motility of the GI tract, and relaxes the pyloric sphincter and relaxes the ileocecal sphincter. |
enteroendocrine cells
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mechanical digestion in stomach results in a liquid called
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chyme
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In the adult, chemical digestion is achieved primarily through
the enzyme ____ |
pepsin
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What keeps pepsin from digesting the protein in stomach cells along with the food?
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First, pepsin is secreted in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Second, the stomach cells are protected by mucus
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another enzyme in the stomach is ____.This enzyme operates best at a pH of 5.0 to 6.0
and has a limited role in the adult stomach |
gastric lypase
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The ____ phase of gastric secretions occurs before food enters the stoach and prepares the stomach for digestion.
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Cephalic (reflex)
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Once the food reaches the stomach, both nervous and hormonal
mechanisms ensure that gastric secretion continues. |
Gastric Phase
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a hormone that stimulates the gastric glands
to continue their secretion. |
enteric gastrin
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Even though chyme stimulates gastric secretion during the gastric phase, it can ____secretion during the intestinal phase.
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inhibit
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All three hormones inhibit gastric secretion and decrease motility of the GI tract.
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secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and gastric inhibiting peptide (GIP).
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Stomach emptying is inhibited by the _______
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enterogastric reflex
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The enterogastric reflex not only
inhibits gastric ____, it also inhibits gastric ____. |
secretion; motility
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pancreatic duct
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duct of Wirsung
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pancreatic duct unites with the common bile duct from the liver
and gallbladder and enters the duodenum in a common duct, called the |
hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)
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accessory
duct |
duct of Santorini
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_____ form the endocrine portion of the pancreas and consist of alpha, beta, and delta cells that secrete hormones (glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin, respectively).
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pancreatic islets (islets of Langherhans),
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Each day the pancreas produces _____ amounts of pancreatic juice,
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1,200 to 1,500 ml (about 1.2 to 1.5 qt)
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pancreatic
juice a slightly ____ |
alkaline
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trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypolypeptidase are _____ digesting enzymes
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protein
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pancreatic amylase is a ____ digesting enzyme
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carbohydrate
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pancreatic lipase is a ____ digesting enzyme
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fat
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occupies most of the right
hypochondrium and part of the epigastrium of the abdomen. |
liver
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Trypsin is activated by ____ from its inactive form called trypsinogen
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enterokinase.
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Chymotrypsin is activated by ___ from its inactive form called chymotrypsinogen
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trypsin
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Carboxypolypeptidase is activated by ____ from its inactive form called procarboxypolypeptidase.
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trypsin
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right and left lobes of the liver is seperated by the
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falciform ligament
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ligamentum teres
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round ligament
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right and left hepatic ducts
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make up the common hepatic duct
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stellate reticuloendothelial
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Kupffer's cells
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The liver receives a double supply of blood. From the hepatic artery it obtains _____blood, and from the hepatic portal vein it receives _____blood
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oxygenated; deoxygenated
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Each day the hepatic cells secretes ____ of bile
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800 to 1,000 ml (about 1 qt)
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The pH of ____ is 7.6 to 8.6
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bile
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The principal bile pigment is____
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bilirubin.
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Bilirubin is eventually broken down
in the intestine, and one of its breakdown products, known as ______, gives feces their color. |
urobilinogen
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stimulates the secretion of bile
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secretin
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The liver performs many vital functions. Among these are the following:
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The liver manufactures bile salts which are used in the small intestine for
the emulsification and absorption of fats, cholesterol, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. 2. The liver, together with mast cells, manufactures the anticoagulant heparin 3. The stellate reticuloendothelial (Kupffer's) cells of the liver phagocytize worn-out red and white blood cells and some bacteria. 4. Liver cells contain enzymes that either break down poisons 6. The liver stores glycogen 7. The liver and kidneys participate in the activation of vitamin D. |
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The function of the gallbladder is to ____ and ____ bile
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store and concentrate
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This hormone brings about contraction
of the muscularis coupled with relaxation of the sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla, resulting in emptying of the gallbladder. |
cholecystokinin (CCK).
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The small intestine is divided into three segments:
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duodenum, ileum, jeiunum
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The mucosa of the small intestines contains many pits
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intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
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duodenal glands =
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Brunner's glands
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lacteal =
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lymphatic vessel
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increases the surface area for absorption and digestion of nutrients.
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plicae circulares
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are numerous in the ileum of the small intestine.
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Peyer's patches,
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has a pH of 7.6, which is slightly alkaline,
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Intestinal juice
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It DOES NOT push the intestinal
contents along the GI tract. |
segmentation
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an enzyme in pancreatic juice that acts in the small intestine.
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pancreatic amylase
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____ splits maltose into two
molecules of glucose. |
Maltase
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____ breaks sucrose into a molecule of glucose and a
molecule of fructose. |
Sucrase
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_____ digests lactose into a molecule of glucose and a
molecule of galactose. |
Lactase
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acts on peptides and breaks the peptide bonds
that attach amino acids to the amino end of the peptide. |
Aminopeptidase
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an enzyme
found in pancreatic juice, hydrolyzes each fat molecule into fatty acids and monoglycerides |
pancreatic lipase
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About ____% of all absorption of nutrients takes place throughout the length of the small intestine.
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90
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Bile salts form spherical aggregates called _____
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micelles.
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Vitamins A, D, E, K are ___ soluble
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fat
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aggregate into globules along with phospholipids and cholesterol and become coated with proteins.
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triglycerides
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clusters of triglycerides
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chylomicrons
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right colic flexure
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hepatic flexure
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The colon is divided into
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ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions.
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anal columns =
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columns of Morgagni
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Unlike other parts of the digestive tract tract, portions of the longitudinal muscles are thickened, forming three conspicuous longitudinal bands referred to as
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taeniae coli.
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Tonic contractions
of the bands bather the colon into a series of pouches called |
haustra
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Small pouches of visceral peritoneum filled with fat are attached to taeniae cols and are called
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epiploic appendages (folds).
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One movement characteristic of the large intestine is
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haustral churning
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