Terms : Molecular Genetics

Front 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 1

Contains no oxygen and a molecule of life that carries genetic information in all species (aside from some such as viruses)

Hint 1

Viruses have RNA

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Heredity

Back 2

Genetic factors governing the traits of an organism is being passed down from parent to offspring

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Inheritance

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Genome

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Complete set of genetic information of an organism

Hint 3

Genes, non-coding DNA, regulatory DNA segments and repeats are under this

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Chromosomes

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Threat-like structures found inside the nucleus of a cell and are made up of DNA and proteins (histone)

Hint 4

Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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DNA extraction

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Purification of DNA from other cell components.

- break cell open by mechanical disruption (tissue homogenizer - mortar and pestle) chemicals (detergents/ enzymes) or by heat

-precipitating the DNA in alcohol to separate cellular debris (Na+ ions neutralize -) as it separates out of solution due to insolubility

-rinsed with alcohol, storage in water or DNA storage buffer (re-dissolve)

Examples:

RNA- RNase

Protein- Proteinase K enzymes

Hint 5

Removal of RNA, proteins and other cell components

Cell lysis

Precipitation

Purification

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DNA directionality

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Pentose Sugar chains where 5’, carbon 5 is sticking out and connects with the phosphate group

3’, carbon 3 end terminates/bonds with the OH (hydroxyl group)

Hint 6

5’ to 3’

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Topoisomerase

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Enzyme that breaks, swivels and rejoins parental DNA ahead of replication fork

Hint 7

the all in one enzyme for initiation in DNA replication

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Primase

Back 8

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers using parental DNA as template

Hint 8

Works with RNA primers

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Exons

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Coding regions that are important to be passed on the mRNA

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Codes functional part of protein

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Introns

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Non-coding regions that are removed before translation of mRNA

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Don’t code for functional part of protein

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Splicing

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modification of mRNA strands to separate functional parts (exons) from dysfunctional parts (introns) so that exons are the only one translated

Hint 11

filtering functional from not functional

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Codon

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nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies/codes for a particular amino acid

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Triplet

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Start codon

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AUG

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There’s only one

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End/Stop Codon

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UAA

UGA

UAG

Hint 14

U Gyi Aung

U Aung Aung

U Aung Gyi

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TATA box

Back 15

Nucleotide sequence containing TATA (25 nucleotides) upstream from start codon.

Hint 15

In eukaryote promoter

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5’ Cap

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Modified guanine nucleotide added to the 5’ end

Help protect mRNA from degradation and promote export of mRNA from nucleus

Hint 16

Guanine

G- P-P-P-

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Anti parallel

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5’ to 3’ and 3’ to 5’

Hint 17

The drawing gramps drew with pentose sugar joined together P-S-P

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Poly-A-tail

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50-250 Adenine nucleotides added to the 3’ end

Hint 18

AAA…AAA

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Mutation

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change in genetic code that encourages evolution

Hint 19

Single cell- multicellular

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Acquired Mutation

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Mutation that occurs from development throughout life, originating in individual cells

Not present in every cell

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Self-made mutation

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Hereditary Mutations

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Mutations that are passed down, and every cell in the body contains the mutation

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Inherited

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Nucleotide

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Has a phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base

Hint 22

P-S-P + ATCG

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Nitrogenous bases

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Identifies the different nucleotides

Adenine

Thymine (DNA)

Cytosine

Guanine

Uracil (RNA)

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ATCG// AUCG

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Complimentary base pairing

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Only certain nucleotides will bond with each other on adjacent DNA strands

A and T (2 hydrogen bonds)

C and G (3 hydrogen bonds)

Hint 24

ATCG

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DNA replication

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Production of two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule in three steps: Initiation, Elongation, Proof Reading

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Copy paste

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Leading Strand

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Replication made in one continuous piece

Towards the replication fork

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The top strand

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Lagging strand

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Replication made in short segments and moves away from the replication fork (where helicase sticks)

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Bottom strand

Okazaki

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Okazaki fragments

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Fragments of replicated DNA that are short and discontinuous

Hint 28

Ligase enzyme sticks them back

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Helicase enzyme

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Enzyme that breaks the parental DNA strand in DNA replication

Hint 29

the scissors of replication

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Frameshift mutation

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Genetic mutation caused by more than 3 nucleotides

Deletion

Substitution

Duplication

Intel/Addition

Hint 30

Changes that causes shift of nucleotides

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DNA polymerase

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Enzymes responsible for attaching nucleotides to form a complementary strand of DNA during replication (Elongation)

Catalyzes addition of nucleoside triphosphate to 3’ end by releasing two phosphates

Hint 31

Used in replication - elongation

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Replication fork

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Area of parental DNA strand that has been unzipped where elongation occurs

Hint 32

Looks like a fork opening