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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Eight levels of taxonomy hierarchy (From largest to smallest)
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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Natural Selection
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Process in which individuals of a species carrying certain mutations are better able to survive and reproduce in their natural environment. (Survival of the fittest)
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Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organisms characteristics
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Genes
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2 or more different forms of a certain gene
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Alleles
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Adaptations
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increase from generationto generation of alleles of genes that allows a species to survive in their environment
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nucleic acids
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chain of nucleotides
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nucleotide
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molecule that consists of a pentose (type of sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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DNA base pairs
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A-T , C-G
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process of cells copying the instructions from the DNA into the RNA
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Transcription
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RNA base pairs
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A-U , C-G
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Translation
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process of sending out proteins to entire cell by messenger RNA.
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Prokaryotic cells contain:
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cell wall, nucleoid, oranelles, plasmids, ribosomes and flagella
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Eukaryotic cells contain:
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E.R., Golgi apparatus, vesicles, mitochondria, microtubles, ribosomes, nucleus, nucleolus
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Plants contain:
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Chrloroplasts, which are organelles that contain chlorophyll.
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______ contain sections called genes.
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chromosomes
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Genes contain ...
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information that specifies the production of proteins.
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A chain of Amino acids is?
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protein
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_____ are large structures of DNA that contain the _____, the blueprints for making an individual.
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chromosomes, Genes.
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_____ determines what cell type each cell will become.
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differentiation
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To form an embryo, a fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a ?
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zygote
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The process of cell duplicaion in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell.
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Mitosis
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interphase
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G1, S, G2
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Stages of mitosis
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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mitosis occurs among cells of the ...?
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skin, liver, and other ogans in the digestive system
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The process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
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meiosis
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Stages of meiosis
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Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1.
Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2. |
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cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes
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Diploid cells
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Haploid cells
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Cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes.
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cytokinesis
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separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells.
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During meiosis, a _____ cell will give rise to four _____ cells.
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diloid, haploid
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cellular respiration
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process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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by products of cell respiration
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water and carbon dioxide
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codon
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Group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid.
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one gene matches to ...
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one protein
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each codon matches to a specific ...
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amino acid
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a chain of amino acids then forms a ...
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protein.
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(TRUE or FALSE) Genetic traits are expressed through the actions of proteins.
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True
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chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called _____, which contain the information that controls particular traits of an individual.
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genes
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when both parents give the offspring the same allele
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homozygous
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when each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait
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heterozygous
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punnett square
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shows possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' geneotypes
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a complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
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Genome
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a mutagen is ...
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a substance that induces mutations.
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2 mechanisms that cause mutations
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errors during DNA replication or a mutagen.
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an enzyme used to speed up the process of DNA synthesis
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DNA polymerase
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mismatch repair
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mechanism that scans over the DNA to find any mismatches of nitrogenous bases
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mechanisms inspect the DNA for types of damge and attempt to repair it
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excision repair.
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reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
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Germ cells
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Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells
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DNA polymerase
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the physical expressions of genetic traits
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phenotypes
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organism's underlying genetic makeup or code
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genotype
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_____ are the entire set of genes in organisms, while _____ are the characteristics and traits that are expressed by those genes.
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genotypes; phenotypes
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