Taylor - Fundamentals Of Nursing -Chapter 18,19,20 Growth & Development.

Front 1

Growth

Back 1

an increase in body size, and changes in cell structure, function and complexity.

Front 2

Development

Back 2

the dynamic process of change in structure, thoughts,feelings and behavior resulting from maturation, experiences, and learning.

Front 3

Growth and development are orderly and sequential as well as continuous and complex

Back 3

all humans experience the same growth patterns and development levels. within each development level, certain milestones can be identified.

Front 4

Growth and development follow predictable trends

Cephalocaudal

Back 4

proceeding from head to toe.
head and brain develop first,
followed by the trunks, legs and feet.

Front 5

Growth and development follow predictable trends:

Proximodistal

Back 5

a progression from gross motor movements such as learning to lift one's head to fine motor movements such as learning to pick up a toy with one's fingers.

Front 6

Growth and development follow predictable trends:

Symmetric

Back 6

symmetrical development of the body, with both sides of the body developing equally.

Front 7

Growth and development are differentiated and integrated

Back 7

nerve pathways develop and become specialized.
each new learned ability builds on previously learned abilities developing a foundation so that increasingly complex tasks can be accomplished

Front 8

Growth and development occur at different stages and different rates, and can be modified

Back 8

muscles and bones grow most rapidly during the first years of life.
toddlers and preschoolers see muscle fibers increase in size and strength but bone growth slows.
Intense speech development occurs between 3-5 years of age.
preadolescence through young adulthood sees sexual maturity.
all these are influenced and modified by nutrition, love and affection from caregivers and illness.

Front 9

Growth and development is specific to the individual

Back 9

physical, psychological and maturation development vary.
genetics place restrictions on the upper level that can be achieved in Growth and development.

Front 10

Growth and development
Environment and nutrition

Back 10

influence all stages

Front 11

Theory of Psychoanalytic Development:
Freud

Back 11

influence of instinctual human drives on development.
underlying stimulus on behavior is sexuality, Libido - the general pleasure seeking instincts- rather than genital gratification.

Front 12

Freud's theory's 4 major components

Back 12

the unconscious mind
the id
the ego
the superego.

Front 13

Freud's theory

the unconscious mind

Back 13

contains memories, motives, fantasies and fears that are not easily recalled but directly affect behavior.

Front 14

Freud's theory

the Id

Back 14

the part of the mind concerned with self-gratification by the easiest and quickest available means.
defense mechanisms are a means of unconscious coping to reduce stress in the conscious mind when the id's impulses cannot be satisfied.

Front 15

Freud's theory

the Ego

Back 15

the conscious part of the mind that serves as a mediator between the desires of the Id and the constraints of reality so that one might live effectively within one's social, physical and psychological environment.
includes:
intelligence,
memory,
problem solving,
separation of reality from fantasy,
and incorporation of experiences and learning into future behavior.
The infant, from 6 months, begins to view self as separate from others and is able to alter behavior in response to cues.
Ego development continues throughout life.

Front 16

Freud's theory

The Superego

Back 16

represents one's conscious.
develops from the ego during first years of life as child learns praise versus punishment.
the internalization of rules and values so that socially acceptable behavior is practiced.

Front 17

Freud's Developmental Stages

Back 17

based on sexual motivation.
stages through which all people must pass.

Front 18

Freud's Developmental Stages

Oral Stage

Back 18

0 to 18 months.
the mouth is the major source of gratification and exploration.
pleasure is experienced from:
eating,
biting,
chewing,
sucking.
Primary need is security.
Weaning is a major conflict.

Front 19

Freud's Developmental Stages

Anal Stage

Back 19

8 months to 4 years.
this stage begins with the development of neuromuscular control of the anal sphincter.
Toilet training is crucial, requiring delayed gratification as the child compromises between bowel function and limits set by social expectations.

Front 20

Freud's Developmental Stages

Phallic Stage

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3 to 7 years.
increased interest in gender differences.
conflict- Oedipus in boys/Electra in girls.

Front 21

Freud's Developmental Stages

Latency

Back 21

7 to 12 years.
transition to the genital stage during adolescence.
increased sex-role identification with parent of same sex prepares child for adult roles and relationships.

Front 22

Freud's Developmental Stages

Genital Stage

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12 to 20 years.
sexual interest is expressed in overt sexual relationships.
Sexual pressures and conflicts cause turmoil as the adolescent makes adjustments in relationships.

Front 23

Theory of Cognitive Development

Jean Piaget.

Back 23

intellectual growth involves two continual processes(Assimilation and Accommodation) that involve the restructuring of knowledge to progress to higher levels of problem solving and critical thinking.
the internal organization of an event forms a mental schema(plan) and serves as a base for further schema as one grows and develops.

Front 24

Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget.
Assimilation

Back 24

the process of integrating new experiences into existing schemata.

Front 25

Theory of Cognitive Development
Jean Piaget.
Accommodation

Back 25

the altering of existing thought processes to manage more complex information.

Front 26

Jean Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development.
Sensorimotor Stage

Back 26

Birth to 24 months.
a progression through a series of developmental stages:
0 to 1 month- shows basic reflexes such as sucking.
1 to 4 months- discovers enjoyment of random behaviors such as smiling and sucking thumb, and repeats them.
4 to 8 months- relates own behavior to a change in environment such as shaking a rattle to hear the sound or using a spoon to eat.
8 to 12 months- coordinates more than one thought pattern at a time to reach a goal, such as repeatedly throwing an object on the floor.
Only objects in sight are permanent.
12 to 18 months- recognizes permanent objects, even if out of sight.
Understands simple commands.
18 to 24 months-develops reasoning and can anticipate events.

Front 27

Jean Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development.
Preoperational Stage

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2 to 7 years.
the preschooler begins use of symbols through increased language skills and pictures.
Play activities help child understand life events and relationships.
divided into two parts:
Preconceptual stage-2 to 4 years.
Intuitive Stage- 4 to 7 years.

Front 28

Jean Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development.
Concrete Operational Stage

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7 to 11 years.
child learns through manipulation of concrete or tangible objects and can classify articles according to two or more characteristics.
Logical thinking develops,
understands reversibility, relations between numbers, loss of egocentricity, able to incorporate another's perspective.

Front 29

Jean Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development.
Formal Operational Stage

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11 years or older.
abstract thinking and deductive reasoning, alternatives are considered.
the world is evaluated by testing beliefs in an attempt to establish values and meaning in life.

Front 30

Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson

Back 30

based of Freud's work but expanded to include cultural and social influences in addition to biological processes. 8 stages that progress from birth to death are characterized by a developmental crisis to be mastered.
Unsuccessful resolution at one stage might delay progress through the next stage, but mastery can occur later.

Front 31

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Trust vs Mistrust.

Back 31

infancy.
infant relies on caregiver for basic needs.
mistrust is the result of inconsistent, inadequate or unsafe care.

Front 32

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Autonomy vs Shame

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Toddler 1 to 3 years.
motor and language skills develop.
learns from environment and gains independence to feed, dress and toilet self through encouragement from caregivers.
over-protectiveness or high expectations might cause child to develop shame, doubt or feelings of inadequacy.

Front 33

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Innitiative vs Guilt

Back 33

preschoolers 4 to 6 years.
confidence gained as a toddler allows child to take the initiative in learning and to explore and seek out new activities and explore the how-and-why.
restrictions or reprimands for seeking new experiences result in guilt, hindering attempts to seek out more challenging skills or language development.

Front 34

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Industry vs Inferiority

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school-aged child.
pleasure is gained from finishing projects and receiving recognition for accomplishments.
if parental or peer expectations are cannot be met a feeling of inferiority or lack of self-worth may develop.

Front 35

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Identity vs Role Confusion

Back 35

adolescence.
in transition from childhood to adulthood.
hormonal changes produce secondary sex characteristics and mood swings.
rebellion and trying on roles are normal behaviors as a sense of self develops and a decision of which direction in life will be taken.
role confusion develops when one is unable to establish an identity ans a sense of direction.

Front 36

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Intimacy vs Isolation

Back 36

young adulthood.
tasks involve uniting self-identity with identities of friends and to make commitments to others.
fear of commitment results in isolation and loneliness.

Front 37

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Generativity vs Stagnation

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Middle adulthood.
marked by involvement with family, friends and community.
concern for the next generation.
a desire to make contributions to the world.
If not met, stagnation results, and person becomes self-absorbed and obsessed with his own needs or regresses to an earlier level of coping.

Front 38

the Stages of Psychosocial Development.
Erik Erikson:
Ego Integrity vs Despair

Back 38

later adulthood.
reminiscence of life events provides a sense of fulfillment and purpose.
despair prevails if one believes life has been a series of failures or missed directions.

Front 39

Theories of Psychosocial Development.
Robert J. Havighurst:

Back 39

Developmental Tasks-learned behaviors- occur at certain periods in life.
success leads to happiness and success in later tasks.
failure leads to unhappiness, societal disapproval and difficulty in completing later tasks.
Developmental tasks arise from:
maturation,
personal motives,
values determining occupational and family choices,
and civic responsibility.

Front 40

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Infancy and Early Childhood

Back 40

achieving physiological stability.
learning to walk, talk, eat solid foods.
learning to form simple concepts.
emotionally relating to parents, siblings, others.
control of elimination.
distinguishing right from wrong.
learning sexual differences and modesty.

Front 41

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Middle Childhood

Back 41

learning physical skills for games.
learning to get along with age-mates.
reading, writing, math.
developing a conscious, morality and values.
achieving personal independence.

Front 42

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Adolescence

Back 42

accepting one's body.
achieving a masculine or feminine role.
emotional independence from parents and other adults.
preparing for a career and marriage.
desiring and achieving an ethical and socially responsible behavior.

Front 43

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Young Adulthood

Back 43

selecting and learning to live with a mate.
starting a family.
getting an occupation.
taking on civic responsibility.
finding a social group.

Front 44

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Middle Adulthood

Back 44

accepting physical changes.
maintaining a satisfactory occupation.
assisting childrent o become responsible adults.
adjusting to aging parents.
achieving social and civic responsibility.

Front 45

Havighurst's Developmental Tasks:

Later Maturity

Back 45

adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health.
adjusting to retirement
adjusting to death of a spouse.
establishing an affiliation to one's age group.
establishing satisfactory physical living arrangements.

Front 46

Theories of Moral Development:

Lawrence Kohlberg

Back 46

Developed the theory of Moral Development that closely follows Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Moral development is influenced by cultural effects on one's perceptions of justice in interpersonal development.
Society's rules and regulations are challenged and evaluated as the person either accepts or rejects them into his own internal set of values.

Front 47

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Preconventional Level

Back 47

based on external control as child learnes to conform to rules imposed by authority figures.
-Punishment and Obedience Orientation-the motivation for choices is fear of authority's disapproval.a sense of goodness or badness develops.
-Instrumental Relativist Orientation-
the thought of receiving a reward overcomes fear of punishment so actions that satisfy this desire are selected.

Front 48

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Conventional level

Back 48

involves identifying with significant others and conforming to their expectations.
-Good Boy/Girl Orientation- strives to be viewed as "good"
-Law and Order Orientation- follow social or religious rules due to a respect for authority and to view themselves as members of that society.

Front 49

Lawrence Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development:

Postconventional Stage

Back 49

involves moral judgement that is internalized into one's values.
-Social Contract and Utilitarian Orientation- correct behavior is defined by society's laws. Laws can be changed to meet society's needs while maintaining respect for self and others.
-Universal Ethical Principle Orientation- a regard develops for equality for all human beings, regardless of laws set by society. Few people reach this stage.

Front 50

Theory of Faith Development:

James Fowler

Back 50

based on the spiritual identity of humans, not always religious in its content or context.

Front 51

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:

Prestage Undifferntiated Faith

Back 51

trust, courage, hope and love compete with threats of abandonment in the infant's environment base on the infant's relationship with the primary caregiver.

Front 52

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 1- Intuitive-Projective Faith

Back 52

3 to 7 years.
child imitates religious gestures and behaviors of parents and take on their attitudes without a moral understanding of them.

Front 53

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 2-Mythical-Literal Faith

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child accepts the existence of a deity and appreciates the perspectives of others and understands reciprocal fairness.

Front 54

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 3-Synthetic-Conventional Faith

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adolescent begins to question life-guiding values and religious practices in an attempt to find own identity.

Front 55

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 4-Individuative-Reflective Faith

Back 55

young adults become responsible for their own commitments, beliefs and attitudes-no longer defined by the ideas of significant others.

Front 56

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 5-Conjunctive Faith

Back 56

integration of other viewpoints into one's understanding of truth and observes the divisions of faith development amomg other people.

Front 57

James Fowler's Stages of Faith Development:
Stage 6-Universalizing Faith

Back 57

involves making tangible values of absolute love and justice for humankind regardless of what religion or image of faith is involved.

Front 58

Stages of the Life Cycle
Preembryonic Stage

Back 58

lasts 3 weeks, the zygote implants in the uterine wall and has three distinct layers:
-Endoderm:
inner layer, becomes respiratory, digestive liver and pancreas
Mesoderm:
middle layer.
becomes skeleton, connective tissue,cartilage,muscle, circulatory,lymphoid,reproductive and urinary.
Ectoderm:
outer layer becomes brain,spine,nervous system and skin,hair and nails.

Front 59

Stages of the Life Cycle
Embryonic Stage:

Back 59

4 to 8 weeks
rapid growth and differentiation.
all basic organs are established.
ossification of cartilage.
fetus is very vulnerable to congenital anomalies from drugs,alcohol and tobacco.terratogens.

Front 60

Stages of the Life Cycle
Fetal Stage

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9 weeks till birth
organs and systems continue to grow and develop.

Front 61

Stages of the Life Cycle
Fetal Stage
1st. Trimester

Back 61

first 12 weeks gestation.

Front 62

Stages of the Life Cycle
Fetal Stage
2nd. Trimester

Back 62

12 to 24 weeks gestation.

Front 63

Stages of the Life Cycle
Fetal Stage
3rd. Trimester

Back 63

24 weeks to 40 weeks- birth.

Front 64

Average neonate size is

Back 64

7.5 lbs. and 20 inches in length.

Front 65

Vitamin and mineral deficiencies of the fetus can result in:

Back 65

folic acid deficiency-
megaloblastic anemia and neural tube defects.
Vitamin D and Calcium deficiency-
inadequate bone calcification.
iodine deficiency-
hypothyroidism.

Front 66

The leading cause of infant death within first month of life is

Back 66

low birth weight.

Front 67

Apgar Rating Chart for Neonates.

Back 67

assesses neonate at 1 minute and 5 minutes.
assesses:
heart rate'
respiratory effort'
muscle tone,
reflex irritability,
color.
scale runs from 0 to 2 with a maximum score of 10.
0 to 4- need immediate life support
4 to 6- need special assistance
7 to 10-normal.

Front 68

Normal Neonates exhibit these physical and behavioral characteristics:
Reflexes

Back 68

Moro
stepping
grasping
hand to mouth activity
sucking
swallowing
blinking
sneezing
yawning

Front 69

Normal Neonates exhibit these physical and behavioral characteristics:
body temperature

Back 69

responds quickly to environment
hear and turn toward sound
feel touch and pain
smell and taste
see color and form

Front 70

Normal Neonates exhibit these physical and behavioral characteristics:
elimination

Back 70

stool and urine are eliminated

Front 71

Normal Neonates exhibit these physical and behavioral characteristics:
behavior

Back 71

both a quiet alert and active crying state are exhibited.

Front 72

Neonates inherit immunity from infection from

Back 72

passive natural
immunoglobulins that cross placenta,
antibodies, immunigloulins and leukocytes provided by breastfeeding.

Front 73

Breast milk creates an acidic environment in the neonates GI tract due to its:

Back 73

high lactic acid and limited protein content.

Front 74

Most important physiological adjustments of the neonate are in the

Back 74

respiratory and circulatory systems.

Front 75

Respiratory Distress Syndrome of neonate

Back 75

immature lung function, especially with the premature neonate.

Front 76

Birth traumas that cause temporary symptoms are:

Back 76

caput succedaneum-localized edema of the skull.
molding-elongation of the skull as it passes through the birth canal.
subconjunctival hemorrhage.

Front 77

Physiologic jaundice

Back 77

commonly occurs in neonate's first days.

Front 78

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Back 78

a leading cause of birth defects such as growth retardation, developmental delay,impaired intellectual ability.

Front 79

Neonate

Back 79

birth to 28 days

Front 80

Infant

Back 80

1 month to 1year.

Front 81

Drugs given to the mother during labor can lead to

Back 81

respiratory difficulties in the neonate.

Front 82

Neonates delivered by caesarian birth are at risk for

Back 82

respiratory difficulties due to excess mucous and may require frequent suctioning.

Front 83

Smoking during pregnancy may cause

Back 83

low birth weight.

Front 84

Infant weight doubles at

Back 84

6 months

Front 85

infant weight triples at

Back 85

1 year.
average weight at this stage is:
males = 22lbs.
females=21 lbs.

Front 86

Infant size up to 6 months progresses at

Back 86

1 inch per month

Front 87

infant size after 6 months progresses at

Back 87

1/2 inch per month

Front 88

Deciduous teeth erupt at

Back 88

4 to 6 months.

Front 89

infant brain size is

Back 89

about halfthe adult size.

Front 90

the infant heart will

Back 90

double in weight,
heart rate will slow
blood pressure will rise.

Front 91

Language development in infants is in the prelinguistic stage and has several consistent characteristics that occur with all languages:

Back 91

use of syllable repetition-ma-ma,da-da,bye-bye.
universal early phonetic expressions-babling sounds.
imitation of sounds and intonations spoken by caregivers.

Front 92

Attachment in the infant

Back 92

an active, affectionate, reciprocal relationship between two people.

Front 93

Bonding

Back 93

an emotional linkage that occurs within the first few hours after birth and is necessary for attachment.

Front 94

The two dimensions of play are

Back 94

social play-motivated by a desire for fun, pleasure and relationships with others.
cognitive play- motivated by a desire to learn.

Front 95

temperament

Back 95

primarily inborn,influenced by the environment.
remain fairly consistent throughout life.behavior of caregiver can influence the degree to which temperament influences behavior.

Front 96

Infant colic

Back 96

uncontrollable, extended crying occurring during the first 3 months of life.
may be due to an immature digestive system, swallowing air or allergies leading to spasmodic contractons of the intestines.

Front 97

FTT = Failure to Thrive

Back 97

inadequate growth in height and weight resulting from the infant's inability to obtain or use calories.

Front 98

SIDS = Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Back 98

sudden death in an infant under 1 year of age.
the leading cause of death, occurring mostly between 2 to 4 months.
believed to be associated with neurologic regulation of the cardiac and respiratory control.
African-American infants are most at risk.
sleeping on back is recommended up to the age of 6 months.

Front 99

Child maltreatment

Back 99

greatest number of victims are from birth to 3 years.
Child abuse= acts of commission
child neglect=acts of omission.

Front 100

Battered Child Syndrome

Back 100

deliberate physical abuse typically inflicted by a parent or caregiver.

Front 101

Shaken Baby Syndrome

Back 101

especially in infants younger than 6 months, violent shaking resulting in brain trauma.

Front 102

Munchausen Syndrome by proxy

Back 102

an illness fabricated or induced in another person, usually the mother, to gain attention from healthcare workers.

Front 103

DDST - Denver Developmental Screening Test

Back 103

Used to assess atypical developmental patterns in infants and children.
screens:
Gross motor behavior and skills,
fine motor behavior and skills,
language acquisition,
personal and social interaction.

Front 104

Separation Anxiety

Back 104

occurs when a child is afraid of being sent away by loved ones who offer security.

Front 105

Fontanels

Back 105

primary needs to close before the anterior

Front 106

Infant reflexes are extinguished by

Back 106

6 months.

Front 107

Poor temperature regulation in the infant is a concern when

Back 107

infection occurs.

Front 108

Breast feeding is recommended

Back 108

9 months to 1 year.

Front 109

Pyschosocially ,the infant is in these stages:

Back 109

Freud - oral stage
Erikson - trust vs mistrust
Havighurst-developmental tasks of learning solid food, walking and talking.

Front 110

Cognitive development of the infant according to Piaget is

Back 110

sensorimotor stage.

Front 111

a Toddler is

Back 111

a child from 1 to 3 years.

Front 112

At 2 years, the toddler's size is typically

Back 112

4 times the birth weight.

Front 113

Cognitive development of the toddler according to Piaget

Back 113

in last two stages of the sensorimotor stage.
begin to understand object permanence.

Front 114

Psychosocial development of the toddler according to Freud

Back 114

in the anal stage

Front 115

Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Erikson, is

Back 115

in the autonomy vs shame and doubt stage.
independence in feeding, dressing and toileting and ability to express wishes verbally.

Front 116

Psychosocial development of the toddler ,according to Havighurst,

Back 116

begins to learn the elimination of urine and feces and begins to learn sex differences, form concepts, learn language and distinguish right from wrong.

Front 117

OTC drugs

Back 117

do not use in children under the age of 4.
dangerous and have minimal therapeutic effects.

Front 118

Negativism

Back 118

characteristically expressed by saying no, and outburst of temper from the toddler's efforts to control his environment.

Front 119

Regression

Back 119

behavior that is more characteristic of an earlier age in response to stressful circumstances.
common behaviors are excessive clinging, loss of control of elimination, and use of more infantile speech patterns.

Front 120

Major causes of toddler deaths

Back 120

motor vehicle crashes, poisonings, burns, drowning, choking and aspirations, and falls.

Front 121

The preschooler's age is

Back 121

3 to 6 years

Front 122

Physiological development of the preschooler include

Back 122

head is close to adult size by the age of .
body is leaner and more coordinated.
full set of 20 deciduous teeth are present and are gradually replaced by permanent teeth.
average weight for is 45lbs. and females being slightly lighter than males.

Front 123

Preschooler cognitive development according to Piaget

Back 123

preoperational stage.
egocentrism decreases.
play is more related to real life events.
curiosity results in constant questions and improved reasoning.
Incessant "why"questions increase child's knowledge, conversation, and develop language abilities.
curiosity of sex differences increase, with "playing doctor" being a normal behavior.
"dressing up" is done to gain self esteem and receive compliments.

Front 124

Preschooler psychosocial development according to Freud

Back 124

phallic stage.
child has sexual desire for opposite sex parent but as a means of defense strongly identifies with parent of same sex. as a result of this conflict resolution, the super-ego and conscience develop.

Front 125

Preschooler psychosocial development according to Erikson

Back 125

initiative vs guilt.
inner turmoil occurs when curiosity is pitted against one's actions by a rigid conscience.
self limits are learned through social interactions.

Front 126

Preschooler psychosocial development according to Havighurst

Back 126

learn sex differences.
describe social and physical reality through concept formation and language development.
gets ready to read.
distinguishes right from wrong.

Front 127

Preschooler moral development according to Kohlberg

Back 127

preconventional phase.
focus is on obeying rules and avoiding punishment or receiving a reward.

Front 128

Preschooler spiritual development according to Fowler

Back 128

cognitive, psychosocial and moral developments provide a base for spiritual development.
religious concepts not understood.
God is viewed as a human.
concepts such as heaven and hell are incomprehensible and often frightening.

Front 129

Preschoolers often have fears concerning

Back 129

new places.
the dark.
fear during nightmares.
dramatic play may help ,since abstract reasoning is not developed , to understand the uncomfortable experiences of a hospital stay.
separation anxiety.

Front 130

The school-aged child's age is

Back 130

6 to 12 years.

Front 131

Physiological development of the school-aged child includes

Back 131

brain is 90 to 95% of adult size.
nervous system is almost fully developed, resulting in coordinated body movement.
sexual organs grow but are dormant.
all permanent teeth are present except for the second and third molars.
height increases 2-3 inches and weight increases 3 to 6 lbs. per year.

Front 132

Cognitive development of the preschooler according to Piaget is at the

Back 132

concrete operational stage.
organizing facts about the environment to use for problem solving.
thinks logically.
develops concepts of mass, volume, weight and measurement.
uses inductive reasoning to solve new problems.
generalize about people, places and things.
develops understanding of other people's feelings and points of view.
understands the reversal of events.

Front 133

Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Freud

Back 133

latency stage.
a strong identification of one's own sex.
privacy and understanding one's body is important.

Front 134

Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Erikson

Back 134

industry vs inferiority stage.
learns useful skills.
develops a positive self-esteem.
sense of identity develops.
emphasis is on doing, succeeding and accomplishing.

Front 135

Psychosocial development of the school aged child according to Havighurst.

Back 135

developmental tasks include:
learning physical game skills.
learns masculine/feminine social role.
learns reading, writing,and calculating.
personal independence.
develops conscience,morality and values.

Front 136

Moral development of the school aged child according to Kohlberg

Back 136

conventional phase.
behavior based on familial and peer group beliefs.conformity to the norm.
follows school rules,respects teachers
fair play.

Front 137

Spiritual development of the school aged child according to Fowler.

Back 137

religious faith involves reciprocal fairness.
have basic understanding in religious rituals.
spiritual beliefs and the concept of life after death are accepted even if not totally understood.

Front 138

Health issues for school aged children

Back 138

accidents continue to be common.
communicable conditions increase with interactions with other children.
obesity.
ADHD
Learning disablities - LD
Enuresis-bed wetting.

Front 139

Enuresis

Back 139

bed wetting.
diagnosed when child is at least five years of age and still having involuntary urination, usually at night.
a self-limiting disorder usually ending between 6 to 8 years of age.

Front 140

Adolescence begins with

Back 140

puberty and extends from 12 to 20 years of age.

Front 141

The young adult period is considered the

Back 141

20 to 30ish years of age.
physically and psychologically mature, ready to assume adult responsibilities and be self-sufficient.

Front 142

Physiological development of the adolescent includes

Back 142

feet, hands and long bones grow rapidly, accompanied by an increase in muscle mass-especially in males.
primary and secondary sexual development occurs.
puberty-ability to reproduce girls 9 to 13 years-menstruation beginning between 10 to 14 years.
11 to 14 years in boys.
sebacious and axillary sweat glands become active.
full size is reached by most.

Front 143

Puberty is divided into 3 stages

Back 143

prepubescence=secondary sex characteristics begin but reproductive organs do not function.
pubescence= secondary sex characteristics continue to develop, ova and sperm begin to be produced.
Postpubescence=reach adult maturity.

Front 144

Cognitive development of the adolescent according to Piaget

Back 144

cognitive development of formal operations is developed.
deductive, reflective and hypothetical reasoning possible. abstract concepts are used.
long term goals are set as concept of time, its passage and the future becomes real.
challenging the decisions of adults occurs.
egocentrism returns.
imaginary audiences and daydreaming are common.

Front 145

Pyschosocial development of the adolescent and young adult according to Freud.

Back 145

genital stage.
libido emerges and individual is capable of full sexual function.
a sense of self and others.
creativity and pleasure found in love and work.

Front 146

Pyschosocial development of the adolescent according to Erikson

Back 146

identity vs role confusion.
peer group has greatest influence on
self-concept.

Front 147

Pyschosocial development of the young adult according to Erikson

Back 147

intimacy vs isolation stage.
achieves independence.
establishes intimate relationships.
chooses a career or occupation.
if not successful, isolation and self-absorption occurs.

Front 148

Moral development of the adolescent according to Kohlberg

Back 148

if law and order orientation, young adults enter the conventional level.

Front 149

Nutritional problems of the adolescent include

Back 149

consumption of fast foods.
anorexia.
bulimia.
obesity.

Front 150

STI's

Back 150

sexually transmitted infections.chlamidia is the most common in the US.
AIDS
syphilis
herpes simplex type II.

Front 151

A nursing assessment of the adolescent must include

Back 151

the profound changes in reproductive functioning.

Front 152

Aging begins as one enters

Back 152

middle adulthood.

Front 153

Genetic Theory of Aging

Back 153

genes control genetic clocks which determine the rates of metabolic processes, including cell division.

Front 154

Wear and Tear Theory of Aging

Back 154

organisms wear out due to the increased metabolic functioning, cells become exhausted from continual energy depletion from adapting to stressors.

Front 155

Immunity Theory of Aging

Back 155

focuses on the functions of the immune system composed primarily of the bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.response declines steadily after young adulthood as the thymus loses size and function.
believed to be responsible in the increase in infections, immune disorders and cancer.
nutrition may play an important role.
vitamins(E) supplements may improve immune function.

Front 156

Immunosenescence

Back 156

age associated changes in the immune system.

Front 157

Cross Linkage Theory of Aging.

Back 157

chemical reactions that produce damage to DNA and cause cell death.
leads to essential molecules in the cell binding together and interfering with normal cell function.

Front 158

Free Radical Theory of Aging

Back 158

molecules with separated high energy electrons have adverse effects on adjacent molecules and damage lipids and proteins in cell membranes,accumulating and causing irreversible cell damage.

Front 159

The Middle Adult years are

Back 159

40 to 65 years.

Front 160

Menopause

Back 160

a gradual decrease in ovarian function in middle adulthood with subsequent depletion of estrogen and progesterone.
hot flashes, mood swings and fatigue.
loss of estrogen increases the risk for osteoporosis and heart disease.

Front 161

Andropause

Back 161

decreased levels of hormones-androgens- in males

Front 162

Psychosocial development of the middle adult according to Erikson

Back 162

generativity vs stagnation.
goals are gear toward guiding the next generation.
accept middle age changes.
adjust to the needs of aging parents.
reevaluate one's goals and accomplishments.

Front 163

Older adult

Back 163

65 years and older.

Front 164

Erikson's last stage of human development

Back 164

ego integrity vs despair.

Front 165

Life Review or Reminiscence

Back 165

telling stories of past events.

Front 166

Social Isolation

Back 166

if an older adult cannot adjust and form new relationships.

Front 167

Ageism

Back 167

a prejudice in which older adults are stereotyped as being different and do not experience the same desires, needs and concerns and have outlived their usefulness.

Front 168

Dementia

Back 168

the various organic disorders that progressively affect cognitive functioning.
AD-Alzheimer's disease is the most common degenerative neurologic disease and most common cause of cognitive impairment.

Front 169

Sundowning Syndrome

Back 169

common with patients with dementia.
adults become confused restless and agitated after dark.

Front 170

Cascade Iotrogenesis

Back 170

when an intervention triggers a sequence of adverse events in an older frail adult.

Front 171

The Fulmer SPICES Tool

Back 171

assessment tool that identifies common problems in older adults that can lead to negative outcomes.
S- sleep disorders
P-problems with eating or feeding
I-incontinence
C-confusion
E-evidence of falls
S-skin breakdown.

Front 172

Delirium

Back 172

a temporary state of confusion that is mistaken for dementia.

Front 173

Reality Orientation

Back 173

nursing interventions that redirect the confused patient's attention to what is real in the environment.