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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Orchiectomy
-indications for procedure |
-reduction of overpopulation
-prevention of prostatic disease (abscess, hyperplasia, cyst) -Cryptorchidism -Testicular neoplasia -Orchitis/Epididymitis -Testicular torsion -other androgen related disease -behavior |
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Why is orchiectomy not indicated for prostatic neoplasms?
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-prostatic neoplasms are androgen dependent, so risk won't be decreased
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Cryptorchidism
-possible effects |
-heritable condition
-reduced fertility -neoplastic transformation -risk of torsion |
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Testicular neoplasia
-types (tissue of origin) |
-Seminoma (germinal epithelium)
-Interstitial cell tumor (leydig cell) -Sertoli cell (seminiferous tubules) |
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Testicular neoplasia
-signs |
-local swelling
-atrophy of contralateral testicle feminization (if a functional neoplasm) -alopecia -gynecomastia -penile/preputial changes (penile atrophy, pendulous prepuce) -myelosuppression |
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Orchitis/Epididymitis
-causes |
-bacterial (brucella)
-viral (distemper) -fungal -rickettsial -secondary (ascending infection) |
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Testicular torsion
-due to |
-abdominally located testicles
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"Other" androgen related disease of the testicles
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-perianal adenoma
-perineal hernia |
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Orchiectomy
-important anatomy |
-Testes, Epididymis
-Ligaments (Proper ligament, Tail of Epididymis) -Spermatic Cord (ductus deferens, testicular and ductus deferens arteries, pampiniform plexus) -cremaster muscle -spermatic fascia (external, internal) -parietal vaginal tunic |
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Proper ligament of the testis
-location |
-caudal testis
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Ligament of the tail of the epididymis
-location |
-attached to the parietal vaginal tunic
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Parietal vaginal tunic
-importance |
-invagination of the peritoneum
-difference between closed/open castrations |
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Orchiectomy
-important surgical notes for dog |
-scrotum not shaved
-scrotum not draped in surgical field -testicle manipulated with non-dominant hand (stand on left side of dog) -pre-scrotal incision |
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Dog castration
-what to be careful of with pre-scrotal incision |
-don't incise scrotum or penile urethra
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Orchiectomy
-important surgical notes for dog |
-scrotum plucked of hair
-scrotum draped in surgical field -incision in scrotum parallel to median septum |
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Closed castration
-indication |
-dog < 20 kg
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closed castration
-what is being incised |
-subcutaneous tissue
-spermatic fascia *parietal vaginal tunic intact |
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Castration
-how to enhance exteriorization of testicle |
-strip spermatic cord
-break down ligament of the tail of the epididymis -remove as much fat as possible |
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Castration
-ligature technique |
-triple clamp
*tips of carmalts toward ceiling |
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Closed castration
-where to transect spermatic cord |
-between second and third carmalts
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Open castration
-indication |
Dog > 20 kg
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Open castration
-what needs to be separated once open |
-parietal tunic
-cremaster m. |
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Open castration
-included in triple clamp technique |
-ductus deferens
-pampiniform plexus |
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Open castration
-why is the transfixation ligature on the primary vaginal tunic necessary |
-needed to close the peritoneal cavity
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Dog Castration
-closure |
2 layer
-deep fascial layer (interrupted) -skin apposition (subcuticular) |
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Cat Castration
-technique |
-overhand hemostat
*points facing palm |
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Cat castration
-scrotal healing |
-by second intention
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Cat castration
-"other" techniques |
-figure of eight hemostat technique
-square knot open technique -suture or hemoclip attenuation |
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Castration
-complication |
-scrotal hematoma
-abdominal hemorrhage -incisional abnormalities -Scrotal abscess -urethral damage or ligation -unwanted pregnancy |
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Scrotal hematoma
-cause |
-hemorrhage from skin incision (skin & subcutaneous)
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Scrotal hematoma
-treatment |
Mild
-cold/warm compresses -analgesia -strict cage rest Severe -scrotal ablation |
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Abdominal hemorrhage
-causes |
-ligature improper placement or knot tying
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Abdominal hemorrhage
-treatment |
-aggressive fluid therapy
-abdominal exploration to find pedicle |
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Incisional abnormalities
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-swelling
-seroma -cellulitis -infection |
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Incisional abnormalities
-treatment |
Medical
-analgesics -compresses -antibiotics Protect with E-collar |
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Scrotal abscess
-due to |
-suture reaction (braided, non-absorbable)
-poor technique -contamination of open incisions (cat) |
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Unwanted pregnancy
-how long can sperm persist |
-up to 5 days
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Scrotal surface Lesions
-due to |
-trauma
-ulcerative dermatitis -immune mediated -weather induced -neoplasia -older dog (scrotal hyperplasia, varicosities) -Infection (bacterial, rickettsial) |
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Scrotal Hyperplasia
-signs |
-pendulous
-pigmented -cobblestone appearance |
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Scrotal Enlargement
-causes |
-orchitis/epididymitis
-testicular torsion -scrotal hernia -sperm granuloma -scrotal neoplasia |
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Scrotal neoplasia
-primary neoplasias |
-Mass Cell Tumor
-Squamous Cell Carcinoma -Melanoma -Papilloma -Fibroma -Sarcoma |
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Scrotal Neoplasia
-secondary neoplasia |
Primary tumors of testicle that invade scrotum (not common)
-sertoli cell tumor -interstitial cell tumor |
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Scrotal Ablation
-indications |
-scrotal mass
-scrotal trauma -orchiectomy in aged animal ---> pendulous scrotum -Scrotal hematoma, abscess -Conjunction with scrotal urethrostomy |
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Scrotal Ablation
-pre-surgical prep |
-scrotum
-prescrotal -part of perineal region |
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Scrotal Ablation
-where to make incision |
Pay attention to tension lines
-excessive skin removal impacts closure and degree of tension on closure -neoplasia requires more extensive resection to obtain margins |
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Scrotal Ablation
-skin incision |
-elliptical around base of scrotum
-in jct. of haired and non-haired region -through fibrous connective tissue and transect median septum |
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Scrotal ablation
-closure |
3 layer
-deep fascia: interrupted (careful of urethra) -subcutaneous closure: interrupted or continuous -skin: subcuticular |
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Scrotal ablation
-complications |
Similar to castration
-seroma -dehiscence -incisional infection -urethral damage |
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Scrotal Ablation
Seroma -due to |
-failure to eliminate dead space on closure
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Scrotal ablation
Dehiscence -due to |
-excessive tension (removed too much skin)
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Scrotal ablation
incisional infection -due to |
-self trauma
-poor aseptic technique |
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Scrotal ablation
urethral damage -due to |
-closure or procedure
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