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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
sensory receptores only repsond when stimulus is :
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stronger than threshold level
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do pain receptors adapt?
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no
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how do ascending and descing fibers modulat3e pain or cause analgesia?
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by blocking prostaglandin synthesis
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what does golgi tendon organs do?
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signals the muscle it is in to relax when stimulated
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what type of receptor in involved in hearing, dynamic equalibirum, and static equilibrium
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mechanoreceptors
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the sense of smell and taste have nerve fibers that run through the limbic system. what effect does this have?
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gives strong emotional memories accoicated with smell and taste
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what type of cells are in the olfactory muscoa?
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epithelial cells
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what bony structure does the olfactory fibers have to pass through on their way to the olfactory bilb?
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cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone.
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pacinian and meissner's corpuscles are involved in the avility to:
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sense touch and pressure
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what helps maintain proper air pressure in the middle ear?
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auditory tube.
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where is endolymph found?
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in the cochlear duct
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what is the iris, chroid layer and cillary body located?
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in the vascular tunic
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when light hits rods of the eye:
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Na channels close, stopping release of inhibitory neurotransmitter by the photoreceptor
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what isthe hormone that acts upon a cell which them acts on nearby cells.
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paracrine
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what effect of glucocorticoids not have?
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does not increase resistance to disease.
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where are the receptors for taste located?
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papillae
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what does gustatory and olfactory mucosa have in common?
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both have epithelial cells
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what ossicles transmits and amplify sound?
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stapes
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what does otoliths help?
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maintain static equalibrium
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what covers inside of eyelid and front of sclera?
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conjuctiva
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what does the lacrimal gland produce?
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tears
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what nervous system produces tears?
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parasympathetic nervous system
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what muscles of the eye cause the eye to look up?
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superior rectus and superior oblique
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what does the abducens nerve control?
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lateral rectus
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during accommodations what does the ciliary mucsl do?
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contracts, relaeasing tension on lens
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what happens if too much aqueous humor is produced or too little drains?
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glaucoma
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where do crystallins come from?
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proteins of lens
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what happens when iris recieve stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system?
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pupil dilates
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what bends light to focus in retina?
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cornea
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what receptors allow you to see in dim light?
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cones of retina
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type of eye problems where focus point is infron tof retina.
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myopia
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what is the photopigment made of?
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gylcoprotien opsin and derivative of vitamin A called retinal
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what is the most common form of color blindness?
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red-green
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who is most likly to be color blind?
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males because carried on X chromosome
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what dos circulating hormones affect?
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only cells that have receptors fpr that particular hormone.
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when comparing the nervous system and the endocrine system the endocrine system:
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has longer duration of action
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hormone levels in the blood decrease because:
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hormones are inactivated by liver and excreted by kidneys
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what bony strucure protects the pituitary gland/
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sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
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a tumor which causes enlargement of the pituitary gland can cause loss of:
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temporal visual fields by pressing on the optic chiasm
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what hormone causes skin darkening and control appetite?
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melanocyte stimulating hormone
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what is not ture about the posterior pituitary gland?
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it does not produce ADH and oxytocin
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how is the control of oxytocin unusual in the body
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1 of few positive feed-back loops involving stretching of cervix during child birth
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what does low levels of ADH cause?
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diabeteis insipidus
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what does the blood pass through when going from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland?
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hypophseal postal veins
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what does not happen if the growth hormone is over or under secreted while a child is growing?
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does not produce cretinism
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what inorganic substance is critical for the formation of the thyroid hormones T2 and T4?
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iodine
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what is the enlargement of the thyroid gland called?
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groiter
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what hormone is exophthalmos associated with?
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T4
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what structures are not found in an erythrocyte?
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ribosomes
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when angranular leukocyte leaves blood it becones a macrophage called a ____?
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monocyte
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what is the primary sit of mematopoiesis in adult humans?
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red bone marrow
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what does enzymes require in several of the steps of process of coagulation?
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Ca
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where is the cardiac control center found?
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in medulla oblongata
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what part of the arteial wall contains smooth muscle fivers and thick layer of elasitc connective tissue?
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tunica media
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what decreases heart rate?
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hypothermia
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a substance that produced by virusinfected cells which help protect uninfected cells.
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interferon
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How does HIV shut down the entire immune system?
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by attacking primarily helper T cells.
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Interleukin 2 and 4 is screted by :
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helper T cells and activates other cells of immune system
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in a test of differential white blood cell count, an abnormal increase in number of eosinophils could mean:
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parasitic worms
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what is platelets so important?
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it is needed in repair or damage blood vessels and promotes clotting
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when a clot is formed and remains where it is formed, it is called ____/
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thrombus
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what vitamin is needed for the formation of clootin factors?
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Vitamin K
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what is the end product of both extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway?
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prothrombinase
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what is the last stage of blood clotting?
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thrombin converts frbrinogen to fibrin
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what dissolves clots?
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tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)
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who is the universal donor?
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type O
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in the pericardium of the heart, the epicardium is also the :
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visceral layer of pericardium
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how much blood enters ito the ventricles due to atrial contration?
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30%
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a heart murmur signals trouble with what part of the heart?
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valves of the heart
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a delay in the impluse transmission at the A-V node its to:
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allow time for ventricular filling
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what reaches the heart by way of the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate?
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parasympathetic nerves
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what does the ductus venosus of the fetal circulation bypass?
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causes blood to bypass liver
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what does the foramen ovale do?
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connects the right atrium to the left atrium
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preloads and stroke volume decrease by:
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extremely rapid heart rate
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the volume of blood that enters the heart during diastole directly affects the fora of contration of systole is what?
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starlings law
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what does the positive inotropic agent do?
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increases the force of contration of ventricles
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afterload:
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pressure in arteries must be overcome for ventricles to pump blood
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what is casodilation and vasoconstriction controled by?
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sympathetic nervous system only
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how does the elastic arteries act as a pressure reservoir?
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by smoothing out the up's and downs of blood pressure
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the exchange of nutrients and wastes products takes place only through walls of:
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capllaries
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blood flows slowest in :
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capillaries
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what has valves?
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veins and lymphatic vessels
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what ithe the normal systolic blood pressure?
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120 mm Hg
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what is the normal central venous pressure and where is it measured?
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0 mm Hg; in right atrium
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what is so important about the hepatic portal system?
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it detoxify blood from the digestive organs and store excess nutrients
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what is not a function of the lymphatic system?
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circulate fluids throughout body tissues
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where does lymphatic ducts empty into?
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subclavian veins
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what is the function of a lymph node/
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acts as biological filters
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where is the thymus not located/
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in neck below larynx
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what does fever not do?
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raises body temp to help bacteria produce more quickly
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what is the 1si stage of inflammation?
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vasodilation and increase permeability of blood vessles
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what does B cells produce?
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antibodies
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what are cells that have helper T cells?
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macrophages
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how many signals must be present before any step in immunity progresses?
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2
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what is hapten?
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antigen which is too small to stimulate the immune system by itself so it must piggy back on a blood protein
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a natural killer is:
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lymphocytes that do not display the correct MHC I.
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how is secondary immune responses work?
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due to formation of memeory cells the 1st time the antigen is ecountered.
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cells that attack invading cells or tumor cells directly are:
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cytotoxic T cells.
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what structures are accessory organs?
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liver, pancreas, gall bladder
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what does the splanchnic cirulation supply?
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the digestive organs
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mucosa contain nonkeratinized stratifies squamous epithelium in the:
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mouth, esophagus, and rectum
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what is in the pupl cavity?
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contains blood and lymph vessles and nerves
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what is saliva not good for?
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digesting proteins
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both of the stomachs sphincter is usually:
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closed to prevent acidic gastric jucies from entering espohagus
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how many layers of muscle are there in the stomach?
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3
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what delays gastric emptying the longest/
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lipids
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the liver receives blood from:
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hypatic artery and hepativ portal vein
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what ducts develop into the males accessory strutures?
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wolffiam ducts
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normal somatic cells have 46 chromosomes, ___ chromosomes in ova and sperm cells
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23
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follicle which has a single layer of columnar cells surrounding and oocyte is ___.
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primary follicle
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what does granules not do?
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cause zona pellucida to break down when sperm penetrates secondary oocyte.
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what is the stimulus for the cephalic phase
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throught, smeel or taste of food
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how do tagamet and xantac bloock the production of stomach acid?
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it bloock histamine
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what does pancreatic jusice contain?
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enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids
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where does the pancreatic duct empty?
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the duodenum
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what neutralizes the stomach acid?
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sodium bicarbonate
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what does the liver not secrete?
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enzymes into the small intestine
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where is the gallbadder located
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inferior of the liver
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what is the serous membrane that surrounds and supports the small intestines?
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mesentery
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what is the greater omentum?
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fold of peritoneum that hangs from the greater curvature
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hoe does the last stage of digestion occur by in the large intestine?
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bacterial action because there are no enzymes in the large intestine
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what is the femal primary sex organ?
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ovaries
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in meiosis the male produce __ sperm and the female produces ___ ova or ovum.
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4:1
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when chromosomes pair up woth its homologus chromosomes which increases henetic vartiation
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crossing over
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when is a man infertile?
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less than 20 million sperm per ml
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what is the path of sperm?
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epididymis, vas derfernes, ejaculatory duct, urethra
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the penis erection is a ____ reflex.
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parasympathetic
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chemicalsin acrosome of the sperim does what?
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aids in penetration of sperm
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cells that extend from basement membrane to lumen of seminiferous tubule and form blood-testis barrier
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sertoli cells
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what cells produce testosterone?
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intersitial cells
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what is not found in the accessory glands of the penis?
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large amounts of organic acids
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the movbement of periotneums does not help what?
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gamete down fallipian tubes
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what hormone stimulates testosterone secrection?
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LH
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what hormone stimulates the development of a follicle?
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FSH
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what hormone stimulated the release of an ovum?
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LH
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what is not a wya a woman can tell she has ovulated?
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not a decline in estrogen or prgesterone levels.
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____ has a negative then positive feed-back effect of anterior pituitary gland.
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estrogen
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what is the cell that is formed by the union of egg and sperm?
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zygote
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what is the conceptus called 6 days after ovulation whem implantation occurs?
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blastocyst
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what is an ectopic pregnancy?
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implantation anywher other than uterus.
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what is the human chorionic gonadotropin used for?
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pregnancy test look for this
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what is the placenta not used for?
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mixing maternal and fetal blood.
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gestation period of the stages of labor is divided into:
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3 trimesters
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when does the baby "pick its own delivery date"?
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when it produces cortisol, surfactant protein A and oxytocin
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when is the baby delivered?
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end of stage 2.
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only _ in _ fertilized ova develop into an infant.
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1 in 4
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____ cells produce androgens
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Thecal
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progesterone is secreted by what?
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corpus luteum
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what layer is shed during memstration?
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stratum fuctionalis
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what is not ture about the mammary glands?
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milk production is stimulated by oxytocin
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what is the function of tubular secretion?
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rid body of wastes, drugs and H
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what does facultative water reabsorption mean?
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as need. it is not constant
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what type of epithelium does the ureters and urinary bladder have?
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transitional epithelium
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what is the difference between the female and male urthera?
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male longer, and has 2 functions
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we need to breathe and take in oygen to:
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make ATP
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stimulation of the ____ causes bronchioles to dilate?
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sympathetic NS
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volume of air that remains in lungs after maximum expiration.
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residual volume
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what has the largest volume?
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vital capacity
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area that controles basic rhythm of normal breathing located in:
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ventral respiratory group of medulla oblongata
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holding breath would most likely be accopanied by:
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increase in blood CO2 concentration and drip in pH
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hemoglobin has the high affinity for:
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CO
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thr presence of some O2 already bound to hemoglobin will increase hemoglobin's:
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affinity for O2
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most CO2 is carried in blood:
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as part of bicarbonate ion
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central chemoreceptors look for changes in:
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CO2 concentration and pH
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low P02 and high PCo2 in alveoli causes:
|
constriction of pulmonary capillaries and dilation of bronchioles.
|
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what is the functions of the kidneys?
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regulate blood volume and composition
regulate blood pH regulate blood pressure and remove metabolic wastes from blood |
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how much kidney do you need to survive?
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2/3 of one kidney
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where is the only place in kidney where filtration occurs?
|
renal corpuscle
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renal blood pressure remain fairly constant due to functioning of :
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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par of nephron wich is responsible for producing a concentrated urine through the use of counter-current multiplier is:
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nephron loop.
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substance must be present to allow water to be reavsorbed from distal conviluted tubules and collecting ducts is:
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ADH
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100% of glucose in the filtrate is reabsorbed:
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from proximal convuluted tubule
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transport maximum of renal tubules is exceeded:
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substances normally totally reabsorbed spill over into urine
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external respiration is the exchange of gases between:
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alveopli and blood in capillaries
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what are the bones that form the nasal cavity?
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maxillary, ethmoid, vomer, spheniod
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what type of epithelium do you fine in the nasopharynx and trachea?
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pseudostrtified ciliated columnar epithelium
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where is the esophagu in relation to the trachea?
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posterior to trachea
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how many right primary bronchi are there?
|
1
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what are the walls of bronchioles like
|
contain no cartilage, but do have smooth muscle
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what is the serous membrane surrounding the lungs?
|
visceral pleura
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what is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn?
|
cause by lack of surfactant.
|
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what does the respiratory membrane consists of?
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an alveolar cell and a capillary endotheilal cells and basement membrane
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the rate of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membgrane depens upon all except:
|
partial pressure of CO2 in blood.
|
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type of breathing that temporarly stops.
|
apnea
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what has the greatest amount of water?
|
an infant
|
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what would you find in intracellular fluid?
|
low sodium and high potasium concentration
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how does the body regulate water loss?
|
decreasing the amount of water loss in urine
|
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where is the thirst center?
|
hypothalamus
|
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what diffuse easily between extracellular and intracellular balance ionic charges
|
chioride
|
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what is not a cause of edema?
|
decrease capillary blood pressure
|
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what is not a function of electrolytes?
|
acting as energy storage molecules with in the body
|
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what ion is the most abundant in body, a cation that is used for blood clotting
|
calcium
|
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what ion is an anion and buffer system?
|
phosphate ion
|
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what hormone results in water loss?
|
ANP
|
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part of the buffer system is exchanging a strong acid for a:
|
weak acid
|
|
what is the ratio of bicarbonate ion and carbonic acid?
|
20:1
|
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how does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
|
by excreting H into urine
|
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what is respirtory alkalosis have?
|
carbonic acid deficit
|
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what is acidosis?
|
below normal blood pH levels (7.25 is low)
|
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what is the normal range of blood pH?
|
7.35 - 7.45
|