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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is linearity?
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Principle that asserts that a specific sound in a word corresponds to a specific phoneme.
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What is segmentation?
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Principle based on the notion that the speech signal can be divided into discrete units that correpsond to specific phonemes
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What is Speaker Normalization?
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How listeners are able to recognize sounds and words despite the large variations in the way that speakers produce them
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What is the basic unit of perception?
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-varies by listening situation and age
-infants use larger units, like syllables -process at smaller levels as lexicon increases |
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What is the Serial-order Issue?
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Issue of which elements of speech are serialized: vocing, nasality, phonemes, syllables, etc.
-phoneme/syllable sized unit favored by current research |
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What are Degrees of Freedom?
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different options of muscle contractions to make different formations within the oral, pharyngeal, or laryngeal cavities
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active vs passive theories of speech perception
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Active: stress links between speech perception and speech production
Passive: emphasize sensory aspects of speech perception |
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Bottom-up vs Top-down theories of speech perception
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B-U: based on premise that all information necessary for recognizing sounds is contained in acoustic signal--no need to involve cognition in processing sounds
T-D: emphasize higher-level linguistic and cognitive operations in analysis of sounds |
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Describe Oral Stage of Swallowing
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-Chew food
-sense food is in mouth -labii closed off, nasal airway open for breathing -hold bolus between tongue and hard palate at back of mouth -bolus moves posteriorly through central groove of tongue towards pharynx |
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Describe Pharyngeal stage of Swallowing
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-bolus passes point between the anterior faucial arches and where the tongue base crosses the lower rim of the mandible, the pharyngeal swallow should be triggered
-velum elevates and retracts -hyoid/larynx move up and forward -epglottis and VFs close -bolus passed thru cricopharyngeous to pharynx |
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muscles of the nasopharynx
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-palatoglossal
-levator veli palatini -tensor veli palatini -palatopharyngeous -muscularis uvula |
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Muscles of pharyngeal swallow
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-geniohyoid
-mylohyoid -anterior/posterior digastric -medial/inferior pharyngeal constrictors |
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary positions for swallow to trigger
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1. entering pharynx
2. level of vallecula 3. level of pyriform sinuses |
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Technology used to study swallow
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-ultrasound
-videoendoscopy -videofleuroscopy -scintigraphy -EMG -EGG |
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Classes of Cleft Lip/Palate
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I. Soft Palate only
II. Hard/Soft palate, incisive foramen III. Complete unilateral cleft of alveolar ridge too IV. Complete bilateral cleft of alveolar ridge too |
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Genetic/Hereditary disordres associated with Cleft Palate
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-Pierre Robin syndrome (Robin sequence)
-Velo-Cardio-Facial syndrome -Treacher Collins Syndrome -Apert Syndrome |
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Environmental teratogens associated with Cleft Palate
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-Dilantin-anti-seizure medication -Thalidomide-sedative -Excessive use of aspirin and retinoids
-excessive alcohol, nicotine, and caffeine -X-rays -certain viruses |
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Members of a cleft palate team
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Anesthesiologist, Audiologist, Coordinator, Educator, Endodontist, Geneticist, Genetic counselor, Oral surgeon, Orthodontist, Otolaryngologis, Parents, Pediatrician, Periodontist, Plastic surgeon, Prosthodontist,Psychiatrist, Psychologist, Radiologist, Social worker, SLP
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HL problems occuring with Otitis Media
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-HL of 20-40dB
-poorer VOT perception -poorer perception of /s/ vs /sh/ |
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define Specific Language Impairment
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A language impairment in the absence of deficits in hearing, intelligence or neurological problems.
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Possible causes for SLI
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-fragile perceptual abilities (so sound descrimination is taxing)
-generalized processing problem, usuing resources for other tasks |
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Parkinson's Disease details
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-Etiology-Lack of neurotransmitter Dopamine
-Symptoms-Movement disorder, trouble initiating movement -Speech and language issues-Dysarthria, dysphagia, voice disorders -Technology-measurement: s/z ratio, Videoflouroscopy, Visipitch, volume meter -Assessment-respiration, swallow, speech -Treatment-Lee Silverman voice TX Dysphagia protocols |
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ALS details
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-Etiology: Neurological degenerative disorder.
-Symptoms-degenerative muscle weakness-may begin in limbs, head, or core -Speech and language issues-dysarthria, dysphagia, voice -Technology-Videoflouroscopy, voice protocols, respiration -Assessment-dysphagia protocols/ s/z ratio for resp, voice assessment -Treatment-maintain all functions as long as possible, augmentative communication |
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Huntinton's Chorea details
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-Etiology: reduction in neurotransmitter GABA
-Symptoms-sever tremor -Speech and language issues, dysarthria, dysphagia -Technology-Visipitch, videostroboscopy -Assessment-Videoflouroscopy, s/z ratio, voice assessment -Treatment-Dysphagia protocols, eating management, voice tx, swallow treatment |
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Cerebral Palsey details
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-Etiology-prenatal, paranatal insult to the brain.
-Symptoms-severe hypotonia or hypertonia, possible cognitive issues, gross and fine motor -Speech and language issues, dysarthria, apraxia, dysphagia, oral motor disorder -Technology-augmentative communication, Visipitch, Videoflouroscopy -Assessment-artic, dysarthria, augmentative eval, oral motor assessment, VMPAC -Treatment-oral motor, augmentative communication training, dysarthria protocols |
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Down Syndrome details
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-Etiology-genetic disorder
-Symptoms-slanted eyes, low set ears, learning impairment, -Speech and language issues-apraxia of speech, oral motor disorder, language impairment, swallowing issues usually oral stage. -Technology-Videoflouroscopy -Assessment-all childhood batteries that are appropriate for cognitive level, oral motor assessment (Beckman), VMPAC -Treatment-Intense speech, oral motor, sensory integration, speech, language tx, eating consultation |
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Autism details
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-Etiology-some genetic indications -unknown
-Symptoms-variety of symptoms including social emotional impairment, behavioral components, -Speech and language issues, severely impaired language skills, voice involvement, movement and body in space issues, apraxia, dysarthria, voice disorders -Technology-augmentative communication, Visipitch, graphic organizers, calendar programs -Assessment-The Autism Diagnostic Scale among 50 others, VMPAC |
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Cleft Palate details
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-Etiology –some genetic indications
-Symptoms-several configurations -Speech and language issues-severe articulation, voice, resonance disorders. Language disorders. -Technology-Prosthesis, measurement devices, feeding equipment, C-PAP (Dr. Kuhn) -Assessment-Standard children’s speech and language assessments, oral motor evaluation -Treatment-Surgery, Intense speech and language therapy |
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Aphasia details
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-Etiology-Stroke aka. CVA
-Symptoms-blacking out, speech becomes slurred, numbness, difficulty breathing or swallowing -Speech and language issues Loss of speech, apraxia, dysarthria, language, feeling in limbs, coordination, reading, math, swallowing problems, voice, memory -Technology-Videoflouroscopy, videostroboscopy -Assessment-Minnesota D. T. Aphasia, neuroexam, Boston Diagnostic, Dysphasia, Dysarthria Battery -Treatment-All speech, language, dysphagia, voice treatments |
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Target Model of speech production
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-goal is acousitc output
-helps acount for coarticulation and talker variability (rate, stress |
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Feedback Model of speech perception
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-auditory output serves as feedback for info ragarding how we move articulators thru proprioceptive, kinesthetic, and tactile manners
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Feed Forward Model
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-signals make adjustements at periphery to prive for efficient, coordinated system
-faster process than waiting for feedback -may help explain why disruptions don't really affect speech production |
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Dynamic systems model
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-provide explanation that would reduce degrees of freedom
-proposed that groups of muscles link together to perform tasks -synergy, coordinated structure formed to achieve goals |
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Connectivist Model
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-nodes which have a presence of absence of a feature to define a target word
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Motor theory
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-active theory
-individual perceives sound becaus s/he produces it -listener's experience with producing speech gives awareness of relationship between artic/vocal tract/acoustic consequences |
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Acoustic invariance theory
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-each phoneme has it's own corrosponding set of acoustic features
-"core of characteristics" acts as template that listener compares to incoming sounds |
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Direct realism model
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-speech perception does not rely on specialized and unique processes
-process analagous to vision -objects/events percieved directly |
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TRACE Model
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-interactive activation: dynamic informaion processing system, extitatory and inhibitory interactions among processing units (phonemes, features, words)
-connectivist model, parallel processing of multiple sources of information |
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Logogen Theory
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-word is detected, logogen activation level raised
-when level raised high enough, logogon threshold of recognition is crossed and word is recognized |
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Cohort Theory
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-Autonomous stage: acoustic-phonetic info at begining of input word in memory have same word-initial information
-> info comprise 'cohort' -when cohort activated, inappropriate words deactivated |
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Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception
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-3 operations in phoneme indentification
-features evaluated to determine presence in an interval of sound -features assignes continuous fuzzy values (def. absent -> def. present) -prototype matching |
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Native Language Magnet Theory
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-phonetic categories of language are organized in terms of prototypes
-perceptual protopytes serve as speech production targets for infants and children, providing link between perception and production |