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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The ear is divided into 3 anatomical regions: |
1. External Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear |
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What does the external ear do?
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collects and directs sound waves to the eardrum. |
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The structures of the external ear include: |
1. Auricle (pinna) 2. External acoustic meatus (canal) 3. Ceruminous glands 4. Tympanic membrane (tympanum) |
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wheres are the ceruminous glands found? |
in the skin lining the external acoustic meatus |
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What does the External acoustic meatus (canal) do? |
permits sound waves to strike the tympanic membrane |
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What separates the external and middle war? |
Tympanic membrane |
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The middle ear consists of an air-filled space called the _______________. |
tympanic cavity. |
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What connects the tympanic cavity with the nasopharynx ? |
auditory tube (Eustachian tube) |
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How can meningitis spread involving the ear? |
The tympanic cavity also communicates with the mastoid sinuses in the mastoid process. It is through this connection that infections can spread from the middle ear to the meninges of the brain. |
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What do the auditory-ossicles do? |
transfer the vibrations of the tympanic membrane to the fluid-filled chambers of the inner ear. |
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The ear ossicles act as ________ that amplify the force of vibration delivered to the inner ear. |
levers |
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The ear ossicles are called: |
1. Mallues (hammer) 2. Incus (Anvil) 3. Stapes (Stirrup) |
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What 2 muscles dampen the vibrations produced by loud sounds? |
1. Tensor Tympani Muscle 2. Stapedius Muscle |
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this muscles attaches to the malleus and by contacting stiffens the tympanic membrane reducing vibration |
Tensor Tympani M. |
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this muscle attaches to the stapes and by contracting reduced the vibrations of the stapes |
Stapedius M. |
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The receptors for equilibrium and learning are located within fluid-filled chambers and tubes that form the __________ __________. |
membranous labyrinth |
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The fluid of the membranous labyrinth is called _____________. |
Endolymph |
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What is the chemical ratio of potassium to sodium in endolymph? |
HIGH potassium LOW sodium concentration |
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What protects the membranous labyrinth? |
bony labyrinth |
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What fills the space between the membranous and bony labyrinth? |
perilymph |
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What are the 3 regions the bony labyrinth can be divided into? |
1. vestibule 2. semicircular canals 3. cochlea |
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At what 2 locations is the bony labyrinth not solid? |
1. Round window 2. oval window |
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this window is spanned by a thin, flexible membrane |
Round Window |
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this window is sealed by the foot plate of the stapes which is held in position by an __________ ____________ that attached the outer edge of the footplate to the edge of the oval window. |
annular ligament |
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The vestibular complex is the part of the inner ear that preserves physical equilibrium by detecting ________, __________ and __________. |
rotation, gravity, acceleration |
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These are designed to detect rotation: |
Anterior, posterior and lateral semicircular canals |
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Each semicircular canal contains a: |
semicircular duct |
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an expanded portion of the semicircular duct is called the ampulla which contains: |
hair cells |
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The hair cells are associated with : |
supporting cells in a raised portion of the lining of the ampulla called a crista. |
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the apical surface has stereocilia and one cilium called a _________________. |
kinocilium |
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The kinocilium and stereocilia are embedded in a gelatinous substance called the: |
cupula |
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Rotational movements in different planes are detected by the mechanical distortion of the : |
stereocilia |
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the utricle and saccule are interconnected by a narrow __________________ that ends in a blind pouch. |
endolymphatic duct |
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The utricle and saccule are interconnected by a narrow endolymphatic duct that ends in a blind pouch called the |
endolymphatic sac |
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In each sac the hair cells are concentrated on an oval spot in the wall called a: |
macula |
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The gelatinous was with its crystals is called an: |
otolith |
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the crystals are called : |
statoconia |
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The cochlea turns around a central hub called the: |
modiolus (collecting sound info) |
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the cochlear nerve have their cell bodies in the modiolus in a ganglion called the : |
spiral ganglion |
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The vestibular and tympanic ducts are confluent at the tip of the cochlea at a place called the: |
helicotrema (top opening to allow the fluid to enter both sides) |
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The hair cells that are responsible for hearing are within the organ of: |
Coriti, or spiral organ |
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The organ of Corti rests on a : |
basilar membrane |
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Palpebrae = |
eyelids |
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The free margins of the eyelids form the : |
palpebral fissure |
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The edges where the upper and lower eyelids meet are called the __________ and ____________ canthus. |
lateral, medial |
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These are sebaceous glands associated with the eyelashes |
Glands of Zeis |
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these glands line the inner margin of the lid and produce a lipid-rich product that prevents the lids from sticking together |
Tarsal glands |
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this is around of tissue i the medial canthus that produces thick secretions |
Lacrimal caruncle |
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The eyelids are supported internally by sheets of connective tissue that form the : |
tarsal plate |
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The ____________ is the epithelium that lines the inner surface of the eyelids and continues onto the outer surface of the eye. |
conjunctiva |
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this lines the inner surface of the eyelid |
palpebral conjunctiva |
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this lines the anterior surface of the eye |
bulbar conjunctiva |
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What type of epithelium does the conjunctiva consist of? |
specialized stratified squamous epithelium |
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What enzyme does the Lacrimal Gland contain? |
lysozyme |
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Tears drain into canals called the superior and inferior lacrimal canaliculi through pores called the __________________. |
superior and inferior lacrimal puncta. |
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Where do the tears drain into? |
Lacrimal Sac |
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This duct opens near the inferior meatus: |
Nasolacrimal Duct |
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This cavity of the eye takes up most of the internal space and extends anteriorly to the lens. It contains a gelatinous vitreous body and is also called the vitreous (glass) chamber. |
Posterior cavity |
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This cavity of the eye is in front of the lens and is filled with a clear liquid called the aqueous humor. Has anterior and posterior chambers by the iris. |
Anterior cavity |
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The wall of the eye has 3 layers: |
1. Fibrous Tunic 2. Vascular Tunic 3. Neural Tunic |
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The outermost layer of the eyes is the : |
fibrous tunic- most of it is sclera |
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The fibrous CT of the sclera also serves as attachment sites for the : |
extraocular muscles |
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The anterior portion of the fibrous tunic is transparent because of the precise aliment of collagen fibers and the absence of BV's. This portion is called the : |
cornea |
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This portion of the eye is primarily responsible for focusing light rays onto the retina. |
the cornea |
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What are the 3 parts of the vascular tunic? |
1. Iris 2. Ciliary body 4. Choroid |
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this portion of the vascular tunic contains BV's, pigment cells and SM which control the opening called the pupil. |
iris |
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The epithelium that covers the ciliary body is thrown into folds called : |
ciliary proceses. |
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_________________ are attached to the anterior rim of the ciliary body and holds the lens in position. |
Suspensory ligaments |
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The remaining vascular tunic contains extensive capillaries and is called the ___________. This supplies O2 and nutrients to the outer portion of the retina. |
choroid (like a placenta) |
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The neural tunic is the: |
retina |
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What 2 layers does the retina consist of: |
1. Pigmented Layer 2. Neural Layer |
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this layer is a single-cell layer of pigmented cells that absorb light after it passes through the retina. |
Pigmented layer |
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The pigmented layer also provides __________ support for the photoreceptors of the retina. |
vital metabolic |
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The neural layer extends anteriorly to the boundary called the ____________ |
ora serrata |
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these photoreceptors are more sensitive to light but there is only one type and color discrimination is not possible with these |
rods |
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these photoreceptors are less sensitive to light but there are 3 types with sensitivities in different regions of the light spectrum. They provide color discrimination and GREATER detail. |
Cones |
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This appears as a yellow spot on the retina where it only contains cones. |
macula lutea |
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The depression in the center of the macula lutea is called the: |
fovea which provides the greatest visual acuity. |
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the photoreceptors synapse with ____________. |
bipolar cells |
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The transmission of visual info through the bipolar cells is modulated by _____________ found in the Neural layer. |
horizontal cells |
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The transmission at the layer of the ganglion cells is modulated by ____________. |
amacrine cells |
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What emerges onto the surface of the retina at the optic disc? |
central retinal artery and vein |
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The anterior and posterior chambers of the anterior cavity of the eye are filled with ______________. |
aqueous humor. |
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Where is the aqueous humor continually produced? |
ciliary processes of the ciliary body |
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where does the aqueous humor drain init ? |
canal of Schlemm at the limbus of the cornea |
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The posterior cavity of the eye is behind the lens and is filled with a gelatinous body called the : |
vitreous body (glassy body) |
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The vitreous body maintains the : |
shape of the eye, supports the lens, and presses the neural layer against the pigmented layer. |
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The visual info received and initially processed in the retina travels to the ______________ of the thalamus . |
lateral geniculate nucleus |