Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What stresses the social contexts in which people live
|
Sociological perspective
|
|
A group of people who share a culture and a territory
|
Society
|
|
the corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society
|
Social location
|
|
requires the development of theories that can be tested by systematic research
|
Science
|
|
the study of society
|
sociology
|
|
Who is often credited with being the founder of sociology? Why?
|
Auguste Comte
|
|
Who proposed that workers unite in revolution and throw off their chains of bondage resulting in a classless society - people will work according to their capabilities and receive according to their needs (classic conflict).
|
Karl Marx
|
|
Who identifies Social integration?
|
Emile Durkheim
|
|
the degree to which people are tied to thier social group, as a key social factor in suicide - people who have weaker social ties are more likely to commit suicide
|
Social integration
|
|
From Drukheim's study of suicide, we see what principle as being central in his research?
|
Human behavior cannot be understood simply in individualistic terms; we must always examine the social forces that affect people's lives
|
|
Whose idea was, "Religion was the key factor in the rise of capitalism."
|
Max Weber
|
|
___________ ______________are based on certain basic core assumptions, or basic metaphysical, epistemological and moral premises, about the nature of the social world.
|
sociological theories
|
|
What are some major sociological research methods used?
|
Surveys, observation, experiment, and analysis of existing data
|
|
Society is made up of interdependent parts that perform functions for society as a whole
|
Functionalist perspective
|
|
The majority agree on what would be good for everybody
|
Under the functionalist perspective, it is believed that society is held together by social consensus. What is it?
|
|
Portrays society as always changing and marked by conflict
|
Conflict perspective
|
|
A micro view of society - people assign meanings to each other's words and actions - our response to a person's actions is determined by our subjective interpretation of that action
|
Symbolic interactionist perspective
|
|
The researcher takes part in the group they are studying
|
participant observation
|
|
What are the three primary theoretical frameworks?
|
Symbolic interactionism, functional analysis, and conflict theory
|
|
_________ ______________concentrates on the meanings that underlie people's lives (usually focuses on the micro level)
|
symbolic interactionism
|
|
_________ _________stresses that society is made up of various parts that, when working properly, contribute to the stability of society (focuses on the macro level)
|
functional analysis
|
|
stresses inequalities and sees the basis of social life as a competitive struggle to gain control over scarce resources (also focuses on the macro level)
|
conflict theory
|
|
sociology that is used to solve social problems
|
applied sociology
|
|
A factor that causes a change in another variable
|
independent variable
|
|
a factor that is changed by an independent variable
|
dependent variable
|
|
a feeling of trust between researchers and subjects
|
rapport
|
|
individuals among a target population
|
samples
|
|
what people do when they are in one another's presence
|
social interaction
|
|
the scientific study of society and human behaviour
|
sociology
|
|
The _____ ______ stresses the social contexts in which people are immersed and that influence their lives.
|
sociological perspective
|
|
Who was the first African American to earn a doctrate at Harvard?
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
Who was concerned about social injustice & wrote about race relations?
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
Who taught sociology for most of their career at Atlanta University?
|
W.E.B. Du Bois
|
|
Who was the founder of Hull House - a settlement house in the immigrant community of Chicago
|
Jane Addams
|
|
Who in 1931, was a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize?
|
Jane Addams
|
|
An Englishwoman who published Society in America decades before either Durkheim or Weber was born?
|
Harriet Martineau
|
|
Scientific research follows eight basic steps, what are they?
|
Selecting a topic, defining the problem, reviewing the literature, formulating a hypothesis, choosing a research method, collecting the data, analyzing the results, and sharing the results
|
|
A step of scientific research that involves collecting data by having people answer a series of questions?
|
surveys
|
|
When everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study, this is called what?
|
random sample
|
|
people who respond to a survey
|
respondents
|
|
A question in which the respondent selects one answer from a list of possible answers?
|
close-ended questions
|
|
A question in which the respondents answer the questions in their own words
|
open-ended questions
|
|
How people use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another is the definition of what?
|
Symbolic interactionists
|
|
What is the central idea of functional analysis?
|
Society is a whole unit; it is made up of interrelated parts that work together
|
|
What do functionalists say we need to look at to understand society?
|
Structure (how the parts of a society fit together to make the whole) and function (what each part does, how it contributes to society)
|
|
What do conflict theorists stress?
|
Society is composed of groups that engage in fierce competition for scarce resources
|
|
A step of scientific research that involves a statement of what you expect to find according to predictions that are based on a theory?
|
hypothesis
|
|
precise ways to measure variables?
|
operational definitions
|
|
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next?
|
culture
|
|
such things as jewelry, art, buildings, weapons, machines, hairstyles and clothing?
|
material culture
|
|
a group's way of thinking (beliefs and values) and doing (common patterns of behavior: language, gestures, interaction)?
|
nonmaterial culture
|
|
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life?
|
culture shock
|
|
a tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others
|
ethnocentrism
|
|
trying to understand a culture on its own terms - looking at how the elements of a culture fit together without judging those elements as superior or inferior to one's own way of life
|
cultural relativism
|
|
another name for nonmaterial culture - its central component is the symbols that people use
|
symbolic culture
|
|
using one's body to communicate with others - shorthand ways to convey messages without using words
|
gestures
|
|
symbols that can be strung together in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought
|
language
|
|
Our ability to speak provides us with what?
|
a social past and future - language allows culture to develop
|
|
rather than objects and events forcing themselves onto our consciousness, it is our language that determines our consciousness, and hence our perception, of objects and events?
|
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
|
|
ideas of what is desirable in life - standards by which people define what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly
|
values
|
|
rules of behavior that develop out of a group's values
|
norms
|
|
norms that are not strictly enforced
|
folkways
|
|
norms that we think of as essential to our core values and insist on conformity
|
mores
|
|
a norm so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion
|
taboo
|
|
a world within the larger world of the dominant culture
|
subculture
|
|
tools and the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
|
technology
|
|
an emerging technology that has a significant impact on social life
|
new technology
|
|
not all parts of a culture change at the same pace, when some part of a culture changes, other parts lag behind?
|
What is cultural lag and who coined the term?
|
|
Who coined the term "cultural lag?"
|
William Ogburn
|
|
Who pointed out, "a group's material culture usually changes first, with the nonmaterial culture lagging behind."
|
William Ogburn
|
|
during contacts with other groups people learn from one another, adapting some part of the other's way of life - groups are most open to a change in their technology or material culture
|
cultural diffusion
|
|
the entire human environment including direct contact with others?
|
social environment
|
|
when people learn to be members of the human community through human contact
|
socialization
|
|
the picture that we have of how others see us, our image of who we are
|
self
|
|
Who coined the term 'looking-glass self'?
|
Charles Horton Cooley
|
|
What refers to the process by which our self develops thruogh internalizing others' reactions to us?
|
looking-glass self
|
|
What are the three elements of the "looking-glass self"?
|
1. We imagine how we appear to those around us; 2. We interpret others' reactions; 3. We develop a self-concept
|
|
When does the development of the "self" end?
|
Never - it is never a finished project, but is always in process
|
|
What do childern learn during play?
|
to "take the role of the other" - to put themselves in someone else's shoes, to understand how someone else feels and thinks and to anticipate how that person will act
|
|
individuals who significantly influences one's life, such as parents or siblings
|
significant others
|
|
What are the three stages of "taking the role of others"?
|
1. Imitation (under 3 years old); 2. Play (3 - 6 years old); 3. Games
|
|
factors such as social class and people's roles in groups underlie their behavior
|
central principle of sociology
|
|
What is being referred to with the following phrase: society within you
|
socialization
|
|
expecting different attitudes and behaviors from us because we are male or female
|
gender socialization
|
|
individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
|
peer group
|
|
forms of communication that are directed to large audiences
|
mass media
|
|
people and groups that influence our orientations to life
|
agents of socialization
|
|
learning to play a role before entering it
|
anticipatory socialization
|
|
learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behavior to match their new situation in life
|
resocialization
|
|
a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and where they come under almost total control of the officials who run the place
|
total institution
|
|
stages of life (from birth to death)
|
life course
|
|
places the focus on broad features of society
|
macrosociology
|
|
the emphasis is place on social interaction, what people do when they come together
|
microsociology
|
|
what people do when they come together
|
social interaction
|
|
the typical patterns of a group, such as its usual relationships between men and women or students and teachers
|
social structure
|
|
the position that someone occupies
|
status
|
|
involuntary - you inherit an ascribed status at birth at are also given to you later in life
|
ascribed status
|
|
voluntary - you earn or accomplish as a result of your efforts
|
achieved status
|
|
signs that identify a status
|
status symbols
|
|
one that cuts across the other statuses that one holds
|
master status
|
|
a contradiction or mismatch between their statuses
|
status inconsistency
|
|
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
|
roles
|
|
What is the difference between roles and status?
|
What is the difference between roles and status?
|
|
consists of people who regularly interact with one another
|
group
|
|
the ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs
|
social institutions
|
|
depend on hunting and gathering for their survival - fewest social divisions - most egalitarian
|
hunting and gathering societies
|
|
based on the pasturing of animals
|
pastoral societies
|
|
based on the cultivation of plants by the use of hand tools
|
horticultural societies
|
|
many more people were able to engage in activities other than farming - to develop the things popularly known as culture
|
agricultural societies
|
|
far more efficient than anything the world had ever seen
|
industrial societies
|
|
one based on information, services, and the latest technology rather than on raw materials and manufacturing
|
postindustrial (information) societies
|
|
an economy that centers on the application of genetic structures - both plant and animal - for the production of food and medicine
|
bioeconomic society
|
|
people who perform similar tasks develop a shared consciousness, a sense of similarity that unites them into a common whole
|
mechanical solidarity
|
|
like organs - people perform different taks but depend on one another to make the whole
|
organic solidarity
|
|
the efforts to manage the impressions that other receive of us
|
impression management
|
|
those characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation
|
primary groups
|
|
based on some interest or activity, and their members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses
|
secondary groups
|
|
many are ruled by a few
|
oligarchy
|
|
groups to which we feel loyalty
|
in-groups
|
|
those toward which we feel antagonism
|
out-groups
|
|
groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves
|
reference groups
|
|
clusters of people, internal factions
|
cliques
|
|
the links between people
|
social network
|
|
no other form of social organization is more efficient
|
bureaucracies
|
|
What is the corporate culture of U.S. compared to Japan?
|
U.S. - individualism, job shopping/hopping, work has set hours, perform on job, make decision on own; Japan - teamwork, lifetime security, work is like a marriage, broa training, decision by consensus
|
|
how groups influence us and how we affect groups
|
group dynamics
|
|
few enough members that each one can directly interact with all the other members
|
small group
|
|
smallest possible group, a group of 2 people
|
dyad
|
|
group of 3 people
|
Triad
|
|
What makes something deviant?
|
it is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant
|
|
any violation of norms
|
deviance
|
|
characteristics that discredit people
|
stigma
|
|
a group's customary social arrangements
|
social order
|
|
formal and informal means of enforcing norms
|
social control
|
|
ranges from frowns and gossip to imprisonment and capital punishment
|
negative sanctions
|
|
from smiles to formal awards
|
positive sanctions
|
|
inborn tendencies; in this context, to commit deviant acts
|
genetic predispositions
|
|
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
|
personality disorders
|
|
we learn to deviate or conform to society's norms by the different groups we associate with
|
differential association
|
|
two control systems work against our motivations to deviate
|
control theory
|
|
What are the control systems?
|
inner controls - internalized mobility; outer controls - people
|
|
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into deviance or conformity
|
labeling theory
|
|
What are the 5 techniques of neutralization?
|
1. denial of responsibility; 2. denial of injury; 3. denial of a victim; 4. condemnation of the condemners; 5. appeal to higher loyalties
|
|
What do labels do?
|
open and close doors of opportunity
|
|
According to functionalists, deviance is functional to society because it contributes to the social order by:
|
1. clarifying moral boundaries and affirming norms; 2. promoting social unity; 3. promoting social change
|
|
legitimate ways of achieving success
|
institutionalized means
|
|
when people strive to achieve cultural goals but are not presented with institutionalized means of getting there which may result in deviance
|
strain theory
|
|
crimes that people of respectable and hgih social status commit in the course of their occupations
|
white-collar crime
|
|
How do conflict theorists explain deviance?
|
the position in power (the capitalist class) imposes its definitions of deviance on other groups (working calss and marginal working class)
|