Sociology Holt Final Exam

Front 1

The two types of scientific variables are

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Independent and dependent

Front 2

The social science that deals with mental processes and behavior is

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Psychology

Front 3

The phrase "survival of the fittest" or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was coined by

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Herbert Spencer

Front 4

Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form what

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Subculture

Front 5

What are cultural universals?

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They ensure fulfillment of basic needs and are common to all cultures

Front 6

What is the purpose of the family?

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To care for children

Front 7

What are normal that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them called?

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Folkways

Front 8

___________ are subcultures that challenge the values of a larger society

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Countercultures

Front 9

Ideas common language, skills, and political systems are example of

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Nonmaterial culture

Front 10

What do we call features common to all societies?

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Cultural universals

Front 11

Examples of _______ include beliefs, ideas, and rules.

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Nonmaterial culture

Front 12

What is a group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society?

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Counterculture

Front 13

What are all the shared products of human groups called?

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Culture

Front 14

Many agricultural societies abandon barter to facilitate trade and instead use _______ as the medium of exchange.

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Money

Front 15

______ Is a network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.

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Social structure

Front 16

Compromise, truth, and arbitration are all forms of _______

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Accommodation

Front 17

Competition emphasizes achieving that goal, while ________ emphasizes defeating an opponent

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Conflict

Front 18

A specialization within a society becomes more complex, a society develops

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Organic solidarity

Front 19

In some pre industrial societies, food surpluses enable a more complex

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Division of labor

Front 20

An _________ status signed according to qualities be on a person's control.

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Ascribed

Front 21

You acquire an ________ status through your own direct efforts.

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Achieved

Front 22

What do social scientists believe that are the principal factors that influence personality development?

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Nature and nurture

Front 23

According to Cooley, when does the process of the development of self End?

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Never

Front 24

______ is the internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society.

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Generalize others

Front 25

The interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is

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Looking Glass self

Front 26

The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristics of an individual is known as

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Personality

Front 27

______ is the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior.

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Social biology

Front 28

What is the term for a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics?

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Peer group

Front 29

_______ is the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.

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Socialization

Front 30

Not engaging in sexual behavior is referred to as

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Abstinence

Front 31

What do we call the social factor that triggers copycats suicides?

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Social integration

Front 32

What are formal ceremonies that marks the entrance of young people into adulthood?

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Rites of passage

Front 33

Research has found that needs pregnancy can result in

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Reduced chance of graduating high school

Front 34

________, the meeting of people as a romantic engagement, is most commonly found in societies that allows individuals to choose their own marriage patterns.

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Dating

Front 35

When did dating begin to emerge in the United States?

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After world war 2

Front 36

Sociologists referred to the tendency of individuals to marry people with social characteristics similar to their own as ______

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Hommgamy

Front 37

_______ is defined as the period between a normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood

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Adolescence

Front 38

United States today, eight of the top 10 occupations are directly related to

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Computers

Front 39

According to Levinson, divorces are common for men in the ______ transition.

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Age 30

Front 40

What is the scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging?

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Gerontology

Front 41

A reward or punishment given by the regulatory agency, a school, a business, or a government is a

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Formal sanction

Front 42

What is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality?

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Internalization

Front 43

Any deviant act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government is called a

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Crime

Front 44

_______ is the situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.

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Anomie

Front 45

The ______ perspective explains deviance through strain theory, which views it as a natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society

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Functionalist

Front 46

The ____ perspective explains deviant in terms of power and inequality.

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Conflict

Front 47

The mode of adoption used by beggars and Hermits is

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Retreatism

Front 48

The occasional violation of norms is known as

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Primary deviance

Front 49

The theory suggesting that people who commit deviant acts have weak ties to the community is ____ theory.

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Control

Front 50

The government uses ______ to redistribute money among various segments of society.

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Transfer payments

Front 51

African Americans and Hispanic Americans have poverty rates that are almost ______ of the United States as a whole.

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2x

Front 52

The _____ occupy the lowest paying job and rarely earn a living wage.

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Working poor

Front 53

Members of the ______ can afford to attend prestigious schools, and their families have often been wealthy for generations.

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Upper class

Front 54

What do we call an individuals assets and income?

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Wealth

Front 55

______ is marriage within one's social category.

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Endogamy

Front 56

_____ is a system in which men are dominant over women.

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Patriarchy

Front 57

_____ comprises the behavior in psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women.

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Gender

Front 58

The ____ is the level of a woman's income relative to that of a man.

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Wage gap

Front 59

The right to vote is known as

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Suffrage

Front 60

What is the government sponsored health insurance for elderly Americans and Americans with Disabilities?

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Medicare

Front 61

The number of workers for each person receiving Social Security benefits is the

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Dependency rates

Front 62

______ is the belief that one sex is superior to another by nature.

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Sexism

Front 63

What is the invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper level positions in business?

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Glass ceiling

Front 64

Estimates indicate that by 2015, one in a five Americans will the elderly. Sociologist prefer to this phenomenon as____

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Graying of America

Front 65

About what percentage of marriages in the United States and in divorce?

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40 - 45%

Front 66

______, for living together outside of marriage, is particularly common among the young.

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Cohabitation

Front 67

Woman had about 7 out of 10 ____ families.

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Single parent

Front 68

The ________ is the nuclear family into which a person is born or adopted.

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Family of orientation

Front 69

What do we call the couples caught between the needs of their children and the needs of their parents?

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Sandwich Generation

Front 70

An ________ is when a few large companies control an industry, such as the American automobile, oil, and breakfast cereal industries.

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Oligopoly

Front 71

What is the authoritarian government that exercises complete control over the life of its citizens called?

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Totalitarianism

Front 72

The use of trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition is

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Protectionism

Front 73

The resources needed to produce goods and services are called

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Factors of production

Front 74

Most interest groups employ ________ , who are paid to meet directly with government officials in order to win the support of those officials.

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Lobbyists

Front 75

Another term for a capitalist economy is a _________ system.

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Free enterprise economy

Front 76

A ________ is a business organization that is owned by stockholders.

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Corporation

Front 77

What model that states that the political process is controlled by interest groups that compete with one another?

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Pluralist model

Front 78

In what belief system do clans or families connect to a particular sacred animal or object?

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Totemism

Front 79

What percentage of Public Schools control access to school buildings?

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85%

Front 80

The basic functions of religion recognized by sociologists are emotional support, social cohesion, and _________.

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Social control

Front 81

As with all basic institutions, _____ is a universal phenomenon.

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Religion

Front 82

Sociologists use the term ________ to describe schools transmission of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.

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Hidden curriculum

Front 83

What involves the assignment of students to different types of education programs?

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Tracking

Front 84

_________ is the belief in more than one God.

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Polytheism

Front 85

What term means to be considered to be part of the supernatural world?

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Sacred

Front 86

Which sociology perspective considers that the mass media may create social isolation or that it may serve to create new social networks?

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Internationalist perspective

Front 87

The mass media support social stability by keeping track of what is happening in the world, interpreting information, transmitting cultural values, and providing entertainment explains which sociological perspective?

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Functionalist perspective

Front 88

Wealth and social status determined ________ in sporting events in medieval times, meaning that only people of noble birth could compete.

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Eligibility

Front 89

According to the conflict perspective, mass media in the United States reinforces the current unequal power structure by encouraging a culture of ______.

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Consumerism

Front 90

The __________ hypothesis states that as new information enters Society, wealthier and better educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poorer and less educated members.

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Knowledge gap

Front 91

What is the process of setting the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues receive media coverage?

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Agenda setting

Front 92

_________ is the practice of assigning people to Central or non sensual athletic positions on the basis of race or ethnicity.

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Stacking

Front 93

What do we call the gap between those with access to new technologies and those without?

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Digital divide

Front 94

Of the five identifiable city life styles, which tends to be attracted to small ethnic areas?

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Ethnic villagers

Front 95

The model of city structures that shows typical industrial city growth spreading outward from the center, resulting in a series of circles is called the _______ model.

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Sector

Front 96

The model of city structure that shows a typical industrial city spreading outward from the center, resulting in a serious of circles is called the _________.

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Concentric zone level

Front 97

What is the formula for finding birth rate within a population?

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Number of life birth and total population times 1000

Front 98

The area of study devoted to the study of human populations is known as

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Demography

Front 99

What theory predicts that the population grows through geometric progression?

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Malthusian theory