Sociology Final

Front 1

What is the recognized violation of cultural norms?

Back 1

Deviance

Front 2

What is a violation of society's formally enacted criminal law?

Back 2

Crime

Front 3

What are the four things of deviance?

Back 3

Linked to time
Linked to cultural values
Cultural universal
Social construct

Front 4

What is social control?

Back 4

The attempts a society makes at regulating thought and behavior

Front 5

What are the two types of punishment?

Back 5

Informal
Formal

Front 6

What is informal punishment?

Back 6

Mild and may involve raised eyebrows, gossip, ostracism, shaming or stigmatization

Front 7

What is formal punishment?

Back 7

Results from people breaking laws

Front 8

What was Caesare Lombroso's perspective of deviance?

Back 8

Proposed that criminals could be identified by physical traits.

Front 9

What was William Sheldon's perspective of deviance?

Back 9

Suggested that body shape predicted criminality.

Front 10

What was Sheldon Glueck's perspective of deviance?

Back 10

Suggested that powerfully buildt sons grow up less sensitive toward others.

Front 11

What does a motivational theorist study?

Back 11

What motivates you to commit a crime?

Front 12

What does a constraint theorist study?

Back 12

Why don't you commit crimes?

Front 13

What is the four Durkheim's functional approaches to deviance?

Back 13

1. Affirms cultural values and norms
2. Clarifies moral boundaries
3. Demotes social unity
4. Encourages social change

Front 14

What are the five strain theory ideas by Merton?

Back 14

1. Conformity-- non deviant
2. Innovation-- deviant but working around the road blocks.
3. Retreatism-- Rejecting all cultural goals
4. Ritualism-- Following the cultural goes but getting it in a different way
5. Rebellion-- Define new goals and means to achieve it.

Front 15

What is the labeling theory?

Back 15

The assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.

Front 16

What is primary deviance?

Back 16

Episodes of norms violation that most people take part in with little harm done to self-concept (smoking)

Front 17

What is secondary deviance?

Back 17

when people "make something" of anothers deviant behavior

Front 18

What is stigma?

Back 18

Powerful negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity.

Front 19

What is travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson's control theory on deviance?

Back 19

Attachment-- strong social attachments encourage conformity
Commitment-- the greater a person's commitment to legitimate opportunities that greater conformity.
Involvement-- Time and energies are linked to "legitimate" activates inhibit deviance
Belief-- Strong belief in conventional morality and respect for authority figures controls deviance

Front 20

What is the profile of a street criminal?

Back 20

Age
Gender
Social Class
Race and Ethnicity

Front 21

What is the Uniform Crime Reports?

Back 21

A compilation by the FBI of all crimes reported to the police in the U.S.

Front 22

what are the Part 1 Offense Classification (in order)?

Back 22

1. Criminal homicide
2. Forcible rape
3. Robbery-- harm or threats
4. Aggravated assault-- victim didn't die
5. Burglary-- entry to commit a crime
6. Larceny-- theft
7. Motor vehicle theft
8. Arson

Front 23

What is the National Crime Victimization Survey?

Back 23

A representative sample of the U.S. population is surveyed annually to determine the extent of victimization and the extent to which these incidents were reported to police.

Front 24

What is the Self-Report Data?

Back 24

Used to supplement official crime statistics in light of reporting problems.

Front 25

What is the primary point of contact between population and criminal justice system?

Back 25

Police

Front 26

What is the plea bargaining often results in pressure to pleads guilty

Back 26

Courts

Front 27

What are the four justifications for punishment?

Back 27

1. Retribution--eye for an eye
2. Deterrence-- discourage future criminality
3. Rehabilitation-- reform offenders while in prison
4. Societal Protection-- temporary removal of offender through incarceration

Front 28

What is the profane?

Back 28

Occurring as an ordinary element of every day life.

Front 29

What is the sacred?

Back 29

set apart as extraordinary inspiring awe and reverence

Front 30

What is religion?

Back 30

a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred.

Front 31

What is faith?

Back 31

Belief based on conviction rather than on scientific evidence.

Front 32

Drawing on early writings of Max Weber, _____________ expounded a more nuanced version of church-set theory:

Back 32

Niebrum

Front 33

What are religious movements representing faiths that are new and unconventional?

Back 33

Cults

Front 34

What are successful religious movements who become more formal, become worldly as they grow in size and number?

Back 34

Denominations

Front 35

What are religious movements which break off from established denominations?

Back 35

Sects

Front 36

What is a type of religious organizations that is well integrated into the larger society?

Back 36

Church

Front 37

What is a State Church?

Back 37

A church formally allied with the state.

Front 38

What is a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism?

Back 38

Denomination

Front 39

What is the largest religion?

Back 39

Christianity

Front 40

What is the fastest growing world religion?

Back 40

Islam

Front 41

What are the three major functions of religion?

Back 41

1. Social cohesion
2. Social control
3. Providing meaning and purpose

Front 42

What is religiosity?

Back 42

The importance of religion in a person's life.

Front 43

What is the church-set theory?

Back 43

Successful cults become denominations
From denominations come sets
successful sects bring new denominations

Front 44

What are the two modern trend of religion?

Back 44

Secularization-- scientific reasoning
Fundamentalism-- Backlash against secularization

Front 45

What are the five distinctive fundamentals of religion?

Back 45

1. take the words of sacred texts literally
2. Reject religious pluralism
3. Pursue the personal experience of God's presence
4. Oppose 'secular humanism'
5. Endorse conservative political goals

Front 46

What is a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups that care for one another?

Back 46

Family

Front 47

What is a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption?

Back 47

Kinship

Front 48

what is a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing?

Back 48

Marriage

Front 49

What is the US Census Bureau's definition of family?

Back 49

Two or more persons living in the same household, related by blood, marriage, or adoption

Front 50

What is monogamy?

Back 50

One husband, one wife.

Front 51

What is polygamy?

Back 51

Multiple spouses at one time

Front 52

What are the four ways to choose a spouse?

Back 52

1. Arranged
2. Romantic
3. Endogamy-- same social group
4. Exogamy-- outside social group

Front 53

What are the six types of family?

Back 53

1. Nuclear
2. Extended
3. Single-parent
4. Household
5. Domestic partnership
6. Civil union

Front 54

What are the five functions of family?

Back 54

1. Regulating sexual behavior
2. Replacing members of society who die
3. Socializing the young
4. Providing care and emotional support
5. Conferring social status

Front 55

What points how family perpetuates inequality?

Back 55

Property and inheritance
Patriarchy
Race and ethnicity

Front 56

What is the symbolic-interaction approach to family?

Back 56

1. Offers opportunity for intimacy
2. Build emotional bonds
3. Parents are authority figures

Front 57

What is courtship?

Back 57

A publicly visible process with rules and restrictions through which young men and women find a partner to marry.

Front 58

What are the four social and economic changes that turned society from courtship to dating?

Back 58

1. Migration from rural areas to cities
2. Rise of industrial capitalism
3. Higher standards of living
4. Lengthening of adolescence

Front 59

What is the average age for marriage for men and women?

Back 59

M-- 27.5
W-- 25.6

Front 60

What are the three ways that boys and girls from affluent families have over those who come from poor families?

Back 60

1. Enjoy better mental and physical health
2. Develop more self-confidence
3. Go on to greater achievement that children born to poor parents

Front 61

What are the six causes of divorce?

Back 61

1. Individualism is on the rise
2. Romantic love fades
3. Women are less dependent on men
4. Many of today's marriages are stressful
5. Divorce is socially acceptable
6. A divorce is easy to get

Front 62

What are the four recently seen alternate families in the united states?

Back 62

1. One-parent families
2. Cohabitation
3. Gay and lesbian couples
4. Singlehood

Front 63

What is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

Back 63

Education

Front 64

What is the formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers

Back 64

Schooling

Front 65

What are the five functions of schooling?

Back 65

1. Socialization
2. Cultural innovation
3. social integration
4. Social placement
5. Latent functions

Front 66

What is The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy?

Back 66

People who expect others to act in certain ways often encourage that very behavior.
Being called the class clown

Front 67

What are the three ways schooling causes and perpetuates social inequality?

Back 67

1. Social control
2. Standardized testing
3. Tracking

Front 68

What are the four advantages to community colleges?

Back 68

1. Low cost provides access to millions
2. Special importance to minorities
3. Attracts students from all over the world
4. Priority of faculty is teaching, not research

Front 69

What are the two causes of dropping out?

Back 69

1. Trouble with the English language
2. Work to support the family

Front 70

What are the five reasons for home schooling?

Back 70

1. Concern about the quality of education
2. Inability to afford a private education 3
3. Religious concerns
4. Belief that a caring parent is better than a teacher
5. Desire to be more involved in child's education

Front 71

What is the social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health?

Back 71

Medicine

Front 72

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being?

Back 72

Health

Front 73

What are the 5 major ways that society affects health?

Back 73

1. Cultural patterns define health
2. What is considered 'healthy' is what people hold to be morally good
3. Cultural standards of health change over time
4. A society's technology affect people's health
5. Social inequality affect people's health

Front 74

What is social epidemiology?

Back 74

The study of how health and disease are distributed throughout a society's population

Front 75

What are the four factors of social epidemiology?

Back 75

1. Age
2. Gender
3. Social class
4. Race

Front 76

What is holistic medicine?

Back 76

An approach to health care that emphasizes prevention of illness and takes into account a person's entire physical and social environment

Front 77

What are the three foundations of holistic health care?

Back 77

1. Treat patients as people, not symptom
2. Encourage responsibility, not dependency
2. Provide personal treatment

Front 78

What are the four sick roles?

Back 78

1. Illness suspends routine duties
2. Must want to get well
3. seek competent help
4. Doctor-patient relationship is hierarchical