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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
counterculture
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a group whose values, beliefs, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the values of the broader culture
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cultural diffusion
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the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another
cultural lag: William Ogburn’s term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
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cultural leveling
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the process by which cultures become similar to one another, and especially by which Western industrial culture is imported and diffused into industrializing nations
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cultural relativism
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not judging a culture, but trying to understand it on its own terms
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cultural universal
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a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group
culture: the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that are passed from one generation to the next |
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culture shock
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the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
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ethnocentrism
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the use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors
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folkways
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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gestures
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the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
ideal culture: the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out for them |
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language
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a system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought
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material culture
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the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry
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mores
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norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values
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negative sanction:
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an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal prison sentence or an execution
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new technology:
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the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
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nonmaterial culture
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a group’s ways of thinking (including its beliefs, values, and other
assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction) |
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norms
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the expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce values
pluralistic society: a society made up of many different groups |
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positive sanction
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a reward given for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize
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real culture
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the norms and values that people actually follow
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sanctions
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expressions of approval or disapproval given to people for upholding or violating norms
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf’s hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
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sociobiology
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a framework of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological characteristics to be the fundamental cause of human behavior
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subculture
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the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
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symbol
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something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with others
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symbolic culture
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another term for nonmaterial culture
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taboo
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a norm so strong that it brings revulsion if it is violated
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technology
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in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
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value clusters
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a series of interrelated values that together form a larger whole
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value contradictions
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values that conflict with one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other
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values
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the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
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