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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
More Gender Schemas make children more prone to..
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Stereotypical perception and behaviour
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By age 3 children have understanding of gender. What Theory is this?
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The Gender Schema Theory
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What are the 4 agents of Socialization?
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Family, Peer Groups, School and Media
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What agents creates anticipatory Socialization and what is the definition of this development?
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Peer Groups and it is learning that helps a person achieve a desired position and conformity to join a group.
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What agent gives children their social position?
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Family
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What is a role?
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The behaviors we expect of those who occupy a particular social position.
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What is a gender role?
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Our expectations about the way men and women act.
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What is a gender identity?
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Our sense of being either male or female.
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What Psychologist used monkeys to conclude that nurture is important in the development process?
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Harlow
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Do babies across cultures use the same phonemes when they babble? Yes or no.
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Yes.
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Learning is most rapid through what types of reinforcement?
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Continuous Reinforcement
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What Psychologist used birds to examine and prove the effects of operant reinforcement?
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Skinner
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Define Behaviorism.
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Human behavior learned through social environment.
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Is Motherease or Parentease a real language?
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No, it is a language not spoken in reality, but often used by parents to communicate with small children.
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Define Grammar.
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A system of rules that allows you to communicate with and understand each other.
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Define Semantics.
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The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences.
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Define a morpheme.
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The smallest unit of sound that carries meaning.
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Give an example of a morpheme.
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Pre-, (before)
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Define Syntax.
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Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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What are the four languages stages of development?
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- Babbling
- One-word stage - two-word stage - telegraphic speech |
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At what age does the one-word stage occur?
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Around 10 months
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What is language explosion and what stage of Language development does it occur in?
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When a 2 year old retains about 10-20 words a week and it is in the telegraphic speech stage.
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A child hears his mother say "red" when she points to a car. The child assumes then that cars are called "red". What term is this?
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Whole Object Constraint - assumptions when hearing new words that they refer to an entire object rather than a quality of that object.
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Define Pragmatic.
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Using background information to solve a problem.
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What Language Acquisition theory says that language is fundamentally a social experience?
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Interactionism
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What Language Acquisition theory says that language is acquired through regularities in our experience and exposure experience?
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Connectionism
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What Language Acquisition theory says humans have special innate abilities for language?
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Nativism
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What Psychologist theorized that all humans were born with a language acquisition device?
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Chomsky
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What Psychologist theorized that the age before 11-12 is the critical period to learn a language?
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Linnenberg
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Define psychoanalysis.
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Attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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What did Freud think of the human mind as and why?
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An iceberg, because there is only a small part of the iceberg exposed (being our conscious) and the larger part is unexposed (unconscious), that holds thoughts, wishes, and memories that we are unaware of.
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A man relaxes on a table and shares with his psychiatrist what ever comes to mind. What method is this?
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Free Association
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Define Ego.
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Conscious mind
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Define Superego.
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Internalized ideals, is preconscious outside awareness of acceptable things
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Define Id.
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Unconscious Psychic ego, which is the unconscious mind
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How does the Id aid in personality structure?
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Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that operates an immediate gratification.
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Name Piaget's stages of development.
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The Sensorimotor Stage, The Preoperational Stage, The Concrete Operational Stage, and the Formal Operational stage.
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Define Conservatism and what stage it is found in.
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Conservatism is seeing something the same despite changes, and this trait is found in the Preoperational stage.
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What ages does the Concrete Operational Stage consist of?
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Ages 7-11.
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What ages does the Preoperational Stage consist of?
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Ages 2-6.
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George Herbert Mead is responsible for coming up with what theory?
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The theory of Social Behaviorism.
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What is the looking glass self theorized by Charles Horton Cooley?
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A self image based on what we think others see us as.
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What are the two parts of self?
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I, the active side of self and Me, the objective side of self or imagining ourselves as others see us.
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Defined Generalized other.
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Cultural norms/values we use as reference in evaluating ourselves.
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What are the four stages of development of self?
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engaging in imitation, engaging in play, engaging in games, and recognizing the "generalized other"
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What is the major difference between Erickson's and Piaget's stages of development?
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Erickson's are based on challenged naturally faced through out life's course and Piaget's are based more on cognitive development.
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What is the challenge of infancy?
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Trust or Mistrust.
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What is the challenge of Toddlerhood?
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Autonomy or doubt and shame.
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What is the challenge of preschool?
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The challenge of initiative vs guilt
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What is the challenge of Preadolescence?
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The challenge of industriousness vs. inferiority.
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What is the challenge of adolescence?
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Identity vs. Confusion
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What is the challenge of Young adulthood?
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The challenge of intamacy vs. isolation
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What is the challenge of Middle Adulthood?
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The challenge of Making a difference vs self-absorption
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What is the challenge of Old age?
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The challenge of integrity vs. Despair
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What are the stages the the Psychologist Kohlberg developed?
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The three stages of moral development.
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What is the first stage of moral development and at what age does this take place?
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Preconventional Morality and before age 9
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What are the sub-stages within Preconvential Morality?
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Avoids punishment and rewards; exchanges based n self-interest
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What the two sub-stages with in Conventional morality?
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approval vs. disapproval and duty to society; avoiding dishonor and guilt
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What the two sub-stages with in Post Conventional morality?
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Affirms agreed upon rights and Universal ethical principles; civil disobedience
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Define Primary Reinforcement.
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an innately reinforcing stimulus such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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Define Conditioned reinforcement.
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
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Define Assimilation.
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Interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's preexisting schema.
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Define Accommodation.
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adapting one's current schemas to incorporate new information.
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Define Reaction Formation.
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Ego unconsciously finds unacceptable impulses in their opposites. Thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety arousing unconscious feelings.
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What is the Ego's role in personality structure?
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Largely conscious executive of y that mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. It operates on reality principle.
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What is the Superego's role in
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Represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgments and future aspirations.
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In what stage do children gain an understanding of conservation?
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Concrete Operational
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According to Piaget's cognitive development, in what stage do we first use language?
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Preoperational Stage.
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Define Extinction.
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The diminishing of a UCS and the CR disappears.
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Define Social Interaction.
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Behaviour between tow or more people that is meaningful.
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Give two reasons for Social Interaction.
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1. mutual and reciprocal influence
2. communication |
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Define the Social Construction of Reality.
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Reality based upon our interpretation.
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What is the Thomas Theorem?
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Theory that states situations defined as real are real in consequence.
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Define a Status Set.
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complex set of statuses (place in society) occupied by a person.
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Define Status Inconsistencies.
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Statuses occupied with different levels of prestige.
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Define a role.
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An expected behavior with status.
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Define a Role conflict.
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2 or more roles with contradictory expectations.
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Define a Role Strain.
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A single role brings conflicting expectations.
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Achieved Status is attained by ________.
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Merit
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Ascribed Status is attained by _______.
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Birth
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Master status is attained by _______.
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Dominant.
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What experiment did Zimbardo infamously conduct that was highly unethical?
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The Jail Experiment.
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Define Sociology.
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The systematic study of human society.
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Define Structural - Functional Paradigm.
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A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.
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Define Social Structure.
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Any relatively stable pattern of social behavior.
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Define Manifest Functions.
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The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.
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Define Latent Functions.
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The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.
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Define Social conflict Paradigm.
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A framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
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Define Macro Level orientation.
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A concern with broad patterns that shape society as a whole.
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Define Micro Level Orientation.
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A close up focus on social interaction in specific situations.
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Symbolic Interaction Paradigm.
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A framework for building theory that sees society as a everyday interaction of individuals.
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Empirical Evidence.
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information we can verify with our senses.
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Variable
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A concept whose values change from case to case.
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Operationalizing a Variable.
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Specify exactly what one is to measure before assigning before assigning a value to a variable.
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Reliability.
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consistency in measurement.
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Validity.
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Precision in measuring exactly what one intends to measure.
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Independent Variable.
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A variable that causes change in another (dependent) variable.
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Dependent Variable.
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A variable that is changed by another (independent) variable.
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Correlation.
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A relationship where two or more variable change together.
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Illusory/Spurious Correlation.
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A apparent, though false, correlation between two or more variables.
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Hawthorne Effect.
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A change in s subjects behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied.
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Sample.
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A part of a population that represents the whole.
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Questionnaire.
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A series of questions a researcher presents to subjects.
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Participant Observation.
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A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining in their routine activities.
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Secondary analysis.
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A research method in which a researcher uses data collected by others.
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Deductive reasoning.
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A reasoning that that transforms general theory into a hypothesis suitable for testing.
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Inductive reasoning.
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Reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory.
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Culture
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The values, belief, behaviors, and material objects that, together form a people's way of life.
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nonmaterial culture
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The intangible world of ideas created by members of society.
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Material Culture.
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The tangible things created by members of society.
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Culture Shock
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Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
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Symbols
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share culture
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Language
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a system of symbols.
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Cultural Transmission
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The process in which one generation passes culture to the next.
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Sapor - Whorf Thesis
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The thesis that people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language.
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values
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Culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
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Beliefs
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Specific statements that people hold to be true.
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Norms
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Rules and expectations in which a society guides the behaviors of its members.
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Mores
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Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
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folkways
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norms for routine, casual interaction.
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Social Control
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Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms
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High Culture
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Cultural Patterns that distinguish a society's elite.
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Popular Culture
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Cultural patterns that are wide spread among a society's population
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subculture
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Cultural patterns that set apart one segment of a society's population
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Counterculture
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Cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted with in a society
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Cultural Integration
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Close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
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Cultural Lag
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The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, which may affect a cultural system
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ethnocentrism
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The practice of judging another's culture by the standards of ones own culture
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Culture relativism
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The practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
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Cultural Universals
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Traits that are apart of every known culture
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Socialization
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The lifelong cultural experience by which individuals develop their human potential and learn culture
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Personality
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A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
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id
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Freud's term for the human being's basic drives
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ego
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Freud's term for a person's conscious efforts to balance innate pleasure seeking drives with the demands of society.
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superego
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Freud's term for the cultural values and norms internalized by an individual
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Peer Group
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A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common
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Neuroscience Perspective.
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How the body enables emotions, memory, and sensory images.
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Evolutionary Perspective.
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How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes.
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Behavioral Genetics Perspective.
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Reactions due to genetics.
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Behavioral Perspective.
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How we learn observable responses. (due to observation)
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Cognitive Perspective.
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How we encode, process, and retrieve info.
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Define a complete observer.
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A observer who has complete immersion is the group and influences outcome, not initially, but eventually.
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Define a Participant observer.
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An observer that is in a group but has no influence.
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Define Qualitative.
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To observe or record behaviour.
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Define Quantitative.
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To what extent, usually a numerical value.
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Define experimental.
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There is a cause and effect.
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How many research methods are there?
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6
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Define Social Exchange.
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our interactions are determined by the rewards and punishments that we receive from others.
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Define Dramaturgical Analysis.
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Goffman's theory that our social interaction is a theatrical performance.
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Social Construction of reality.
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The process through which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
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ethnomethodology.
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Harold Garfunkel's term for the study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings.
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Attribution theory
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Theory that we give casual explanation for someone's behavior by crediting the situation or disposition.
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Impression Management.
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Process by which we control how others will perceive us.
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Thomas Theorem.
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Situations that we define as real are real in consequence.
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Status consistencies.
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Statuses occupied with different levels of prestige
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Role conflict.
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2 or more roles with contradictory expectations connected to more than one status.
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Role Strain
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Conflict between roles connected to a single status.
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What did Pavlov do and what type of learning did he theorize?
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He tested the salivary glands on dogs and in turn came up with classical Conditioning.
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What theory did Charles Horton Cooley come up with?
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The "looking-glass self"
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What theory did Kohlberg come up with?
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The three stages of Morality.
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What theory did Mead come up with?
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The Social Self.
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What theory did Skinner come up with?
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Operant Conditioning and reinforcements.
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Critical Sociology.
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The study of society that focuses on the need for social change.
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Interpretive Sociology.
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The study of sociology that focuses on the meanings people attach tot heir social world.
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Scientific Sociology.
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The study of society based on a system of observation of social behavior.
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